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                    <text>Google maps 2019.</text>
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                    <text>Florence's speech in support of women's suffrage. Source: The Canterbury Journal and Farmers Gazette, 18 Feb, 1911, p. 2.</text>
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                    <text>Florence was likely one of the unnamed women evading on the census form for 30 Bouverie Road West under Mrs Smart.</text>
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                    <text>Florence's letter organizing local travel to the Women's Coronation Procession in London in 1911. Source: The Dover Express and East Kent News, 9th June, 1911, p. 2.</text>
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              <text>'Trevarra' 30 Bouverie Road West, Folkestone.</text>
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              <text>Florence (1862-1945) attended Somerville College, Oxford, via a grant, but her time there was cut short by her father's death. She took up several subsequent teaching posts over the next twenty years, spending six years teaching at Great Yarmouth High School. She became a member of the WSPU and one of its organizers. This meant that Florence led a nomadic lifestyle, living and organizing in Brighton, Bristol, the Midlands and Edinburgh between 1907 and 1909. However, by 1910 and until the end of 1912, Florence was based at 'Trevarra' and was the WSPU organizer for Canterbury and South Kent. It is likely that Florence took part in the organised suffrage boycott of the census in 1911, and that she was one of the unknown women listed at Trevarra and 'evading' courtesy of Trevarra's house keeper, Catherine Smart. Also in 1911, Florence was key in organizing local women's participation in the huge Women's Coronation Procession through London organised by suffrage campaigners across societies and gave a speech arguing for Votes for Women which was well received in the local press - not always the case. One argument put forward against female suffrage was that 'women had not sufficient political knowledge to warrant the vote'. Florence riposted in her speech that - 'There is no education for using the vote like having it ... we want to mind our own business and set the men free to mind theirs' to which their was much laughter (see image). Florence was arrested in 1913 in London when leading WSPU figure Annie Kenney was also arrested for incitement to riot. Florence was sentenced to 21 days in prison or a £5 fine for obstruction. Her fine was paid. Interestingly, Florence was also the author of 'The Women's Marseillaise' in 1909 a popular marching song published by the WSPU. See, Elizabeth Crawford, The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928 (London: 2001).&#13;
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                <text>Florence E. M. Macaulay</text>
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                    <text>Florence Earengey and her daughter. Source: Cheltenham Chronicle and Gloucestershire Graphic, 3 December 1910.</text>
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                    <text>Source: The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>Born How, Florence was the daughter of John How, a wealthy grocer and tea dealer. She was educated at the North London Collegiate School and matriculated with a Univerity of London B.A. She married a local Cheltenham solicitor, William Earengey in 1899 and they had one daughter, Oenone. Initially a supporter of the NUWSS, she was then a member of the short-lived Cheltenham WSPU and in 1907 was its representative to the local MP. But when her sister, (see) Edith How-Martyn, led the national breakaway from the Pankhursts' grip on the WSPU and was one of the founders of the WFL, Florence followed suit. From 1908 she led the local branch which became a small but tightly-knit group. A woman with a 'bubbling electric personality' and 'magnetism and drive' according to her grandson, she inspired much admiration. She was at the forefront of the Cheltenham census boycott, her husband having advised the national WFL and her sister on the legalities involved. Both she and her daughter evaded the census, probably with her devoted domestic servant Rose. Her husband wrote a statement on the census return to indicate their absence. He had always been an active supporter of the cause and became President of nearby Winchcombe NUWSS. Researcher/writer Sue Jones author of 'Votes for Women: Cheltenham and the Cotswolds' (The History Press, 2018).</text>
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              <text>Florence Gertrude Hamilton (nee MacKenzie) had been born in Ireland in 1856 but with a father in the army the family moved around, and it was eventually in London that she met and married her husband in 1881. One child, Esme, was born to them in 1884 while they were in York but her husband’s job in the post office that meant he had different postings and by the 1890s they were based in Transvaal where William was Postmaster General. When he died in 1902, Gertrude seems to have changed her life quite radically. Based in Wendover from 1903 she gradually became involved in local charity work, and this may have drawn her into the society of women interested in the suffrage movement. She and her single sister, Maud, to whom she was very close, were contributing to Women’s Freedom League (WFL) ‘The Vote’ £50,000 Fund by 1908; Maud became secretary of an informal branch of the NUWSS; and they were both participating in the Church League for Women's Suffrage. By 1910 Chestnut Cottage where she lived was the centre of operations for organising meetings especially during the time Muriel Matters and her caravan were in the area campaigning for the WFL. By 1911 Florence had joined the Tax Resistance movement and four days after the census, which she seems to have evaded, her goods were distrained, and this also happened the following year. It was around this time that she became close friends with Muriel Matters who was later to write her obituary in The Vote. Florence seems to have left Buckinghamshire in 1912 moving back to her house in London, and then spending a few years in Findon, Sussex, where she and her sister established the Women's Village Council. To encourage women to influence the design of houses built by local authorities (so called state aided) it used the motto, later adopted by the Women’s Institute, ‘Till we have built Jerusalem in England’s Green and Pleasant Land’. From 1917 onwards her time was spent in promoting this organisation locally and then nationally, and then linking herself to the National Housing and Town Planning Society where she became the only woman on the Executive. In this role she was able to give support to the Australian author Miles Franklin who was working for the NHTPC. For Florence, campaigning for women's suffrage was very much linked to encouraging women’s active involvement as citizens. When she died in 1932, she was buried in Brompton Cemetery where the inscription on her grave reads: 'Our citizenship is in heaven'. Sources: 'Burning to Get the Vote: the women's suffrage movement in central Buckinghamshire, 1904 - 1914' by Colin Cartwright; A range of local, national and suffragist newspapers including: 'Women's Village Councils by Maud R. R. MacKenzie in, The Church Militant, April 1918; 'The Village Council of Women: their contribution to housing reform' in The Manchester Guardian, Mar 11, 1919; 'Women's Village Councils' by G. Home in The Vote 24 Nov, 1922; 'Women's Village Councils Federation for State-Aided Housing and Rural Problems' by Mrs Hamilton, The Common Cause, July 19, 1918. Contributed by Lynne Dixon, local and women’s history researcher. </text>
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              <text>Florence Heywood Fell and her husband attended several meetings of the Warwickshire CUWFA together in 1911.The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together. Living at home with two children and four servants, the Heywood Fell's lived a comfortable lifestyle. Contributor/researcher: Tara Morton.</text>
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              <text>Florence Lockwood was born in 1861 in Devonport, Devon. She spent most of her childhood in Portsmouth, living with her parents and five siblings. Her father was a naval doctor, and she had a comfortable middle-class upbringing. In 1887, Lockwood moved to London to study at the prestigious Slade Art School. She then spent several years travelling in Europe, before returning to live alone in London, to make a modest career as an artist although no occupation is given on her census return for 1911. She retained her gift for sketching and painting throughout her life. In 1902 she married Josiah Lockwood, a woollen manufacturer, and moved to Black Rock House in Linthwaite, a village in the Colne Valley, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The couple never had any children. She came to political activism quite late, in her mid-40s, but embraced it whole-heartedly. She first became involved in public political work in around 1907, and for the next fifteen years she was a significant figure in local politics. She was originally converted to the suffrage cause after hearing Emmeline Pankhurst of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) speak at the 1907 Colne Valley by-election. Lockwood became President of the Huddersfield Branch of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) and served on the executive of the Huddersfield branch of its successor organisation, the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship (NUSEC). Her suffrage activism included writing pamphlets, writing letters to local newspapers, attending, and speaking at meetings, distributing leaflets on walking tours, and personally persuading other women to take up the cause. She encouraged her maid, Minnie (who was also living at Black Rock House in 1911) to take an interest in politics. Using her artistic talents, she designed and embroidered the NUWSS branch’s ‘Votes for Women’ suffrage banner which depicted the Colne Valley. The banner was completed in 1911 and is now held in Huddersfield’s Tolson Museum. In 1913, she attended the International Woman Suffrage Alliance congress in Budapest. She was also involved in local politics more broadly. She was President of Colne Valley Women’s Liberal Association, served on the Huddersfield Liberal Executive, and worked as a Poor Law Guardian and a School Director. During the First World War, her beliefs changed, and she became an ardent pacifist, rejected liberalism, and converted to socialism. She attended Women’s International League meetings and was on the executive of the Huddersfield branch of the Union of Democratic Control. She had retired from political work by around 1921. When Josiah died in 1924, she moved to London, where she died in 1937. She kept a diary throughout her life, and the diaries for 1914-1920 survive at West Yorkshire Archives and Leeds University Archives. In 1932, she privately published her autobiography, An Ordinary Life. Sources:&#13;
Manuscripts and Archives Huddersfield, West Yorkshire Archive Service KC909/1, F. Lockwood, ‘Autobiography of Florence Lockwood’ (unpublished typescript, 1905-1911). KC329/1, F. Lockwood, War Diary and Notes (manuscript, 1914-1915). KC329/2, F. Lockwood, War Diary and Notes (manuscript, 1916-1918). KC909/2, F. Lockwood, War Diary and Notes (manuscript, 1918-1920). Leeds, Leeds University Liddle Collection LIDDLE/WWI/DF/077, F. Lockwood, War Diary and Notes (manuscript, 1915-1916). Printed Leeds, Leeds University Liddle Collection LIDDLE/WWI/CO/056, F. Lockwood, Printed Diary Extracts (privately printed for small circulation, 1921). Lockwood, F., An Ordinary Life, 1861-1924 (Loughborough, 1932). Lockwood, F., The Enfranchisement of Women (Slaithwaite, undated). 'Obituary: Mrs. Lockwood', The Yorkshire Post, 31 March 1937, p.5. Secondary Sources Liddington, J., Rebel Girls: Their Fight for the Vote (London, 2006). Liddington, J., The long road to Greenham: feminism and anti-militarism in Britain since 1820 (London, 1989). Online Sources Kirklees Museums and Galleries, 'Huddersfield's Suffragist Banner', https://womenssuffrageinkirklees.blogspot.com/p/huddersfields-suffragist-banner.html. Contributed by Hannah Speed, PhD candidate, Glasgow University.&#13;
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              <text>(Rosalind) Florence Caverhill (1886- 1956), a Canadian, married Geoffrey Mander in Montreal in 1906, moved to his home of Wightwick Manor (now National Trust), Wolverhampton and made it a family home, having three children. In the 1911 census 24-year-old Florence, is listed as head of the household at Wightwick (Geoffrey is absent). The other occupants of the house are her two young children, Mavis and Mervyn, and staff, including Emma Smith, the housekeeper. Florence shared with her husband an interest in photography. A large photographic archive at Wightwick includes photos she took of her family, friends and the staff who worked at the manor. She was also active locally in speaking out for women’s right to vote. In the 1912-1913 annual report of the Wolverhampton branch of the NUWSS Florence Mander is listed as a member and the following year her husband, Geoffrey, also joined. Florence and Geoffrey also supported the 1913 NUWSS pilgrimage, led by Millicent Fawcett. The annual report describes how, when the travellers stopped in Wolverhampton, they were met by members of the local society. A great meeting was then held in the marketplace which was supported by the couple. Florence, as a member of the Wolverhampton Women’s Suffrage Society, hosted a drawing room meeting at Wightwick on either the 1st or 2nd December 1913, where Alicia Bewicke, Mrs Archibald Little, spoke on ‘Women of the East and West’ with Geoffrey Mander presiding. Alicia had lived in China and spoke about the differing and similar conditions of women in both Chinese and British society. She published a journal examining gender inequality in China and included the words of Chinese women who spoke out against foot binding. Alicia also argued for women’s suffrage in England. Florence also hosted political functions for the Liberal Party at Wightwick and became president of the Wolverhampton Women’s Liberal Association. In a speech given in 1913, she stressed to the association her desire for votes for women, regretting the abandonment of woman’s suffrage at the  last session of parliament. After the Representation of the People Act of 1918, which granted some women including Florence the vote, the Manders Monthly Messages pamphlets (which we believe were distributed to the work force and perhaps local community) feature Florence talking about how important it was that women exercise their vote, stating in 1921: ‘Now that women have the vote we play a very important part in politics, and it is essential that we should see that our Candidate understands and sympathises with the women’s point of view, which is equally important as the man’s.’ This is the only such quote we have discovered from Florence in the archive, as she and Geoffrey later divorced. Researched and contributed by Hannah Squire (Assistant Curator, National Public Programmes, National Trust).</text>
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                    <text>Lady Frances Balfour. Source and credit: © National Portrait Gallery, London</text>
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