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                    <text>Frances Hardcastle at Girton (1888). Source:  Newcastle University, Special Collections, 'Ethel Williams'.</text>
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              <text>Frances (1866 – 1941) was born in Essex into a family of wealthy academics. Her great grandfather was astronomer Sir William Herschel and her aunt Constance Herschel lectured in natural science and mathematics and was one of the earliest female lecturers at Girton College, Cambridge. Frances also studied mathematics at Girton and became one of the founding members of the American Mathematical Society in 1894 while studying at Bryn Mawr college in the US to obtain a degree given many British institutions would not allow women to sit for exams. More is known about Frances’ mathematical achievements (for more on this see sources below) than her suffrage work, which can be traced back to her time at Girton where she spoke to the oratorial society on its aims and history in relation to the Women’s Suffrage Movement and the Higher Education of Women. She was also a member of the CWSA (Cambridge Association for Women’s Suffrage). Later, Frances became Honorary Secretary of the NUWSS and signed a letter written to The Times in 1908, stating her disagreement with suffragettes’ militant methods. She later became active in the suffrage movement in the Newcastle area through her lifetime companion (see) Dr. Ethel Williams, with whom she shared a home. Interestingly, Frances is absent from the 1911 census return for 3 Osborne Terrace as is Ethel who was evading the census in protest at her exclusion from the franchise despite the census boycott’s illegality. It is probable that Frances was evading with her. Source: Amy Todd 'Frances Hardcastle' https://womenvotepeace.com/women/frances-hardcastle-bio/ ; For more on her mathematics achievements see https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hardcastle/</text>
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                    <text>Source: Courtesy of the National Archives.</text>
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              <text>Frances Stirling and her daughter (see) Elvira Stirling were supporters of the WSPU from 1911 when a local branch was set up by Ada Flatman. Frances gave 1 gn. to their funds in the year 1911-12 and took part in the boycott of the government census that year along with her daughter Elvira. Frances declares that the census form 'is filled in through the magnanimity of a suffragette' in the hope that just legislation for women will soon be forthcoming - qualifying the two women as census resisters (see image). In common with a number of local supporters, Frances Stirling later joined the CUWFA and in 1912 signed the presentation to the Conservative MP under that organisation's heading. It is not known whether this was because she became disillusioned with WSPU tactics or whether she maintained dual allegiance. Frances was Canadian and four of her five living children with her British born husband were born there. In 1913, the whole family returned to Canada. Researcher/contributor: Sue Jones author of 'Votes for Women: Cheltenham and the Cotswolds' (The History Press, 2018).</text>
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              <text>Francis regularly attended local suffrage meetings with his wife Marjory.</text>
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              <text>Frank Percy Bevill Shipham was the son of Wesleyan minister, John Shipham and his wife, Elizabeth. He obtained a BA in Classics in 1892 from Trinity College, Cambridge and became a schoolmaster and Schools’ Inspector. He also wrote Latin textbooks and translations. He married (see) Elizabeth Mary Margaret Close in 1897. They lived with their three children in Blackheath and Lewisham. Frank Shipham spoke on 2 September 1909 at a new Union for Men and Women to obtain Women's Suffrage in Hyde Park to over 1000 persons. He spoke on 5 Sep at Clapham Common and on 9 Sep at the Men's League for Womens' Suffrage, Open Air Campaign, Hyde Park. It was reported: 'Messers B Shipham &amp; W Stephens both made excellent speeches and never lost the sympathetic interest of the audience'. He was at the inaugural meeting of the Church League for Women’s Suffrage (CLWS) on 11 Jan 1910 and seconded the following resolution proposed by Dr. Jane Walker: ‘’In the opinion of this meeting it is to the highest interests of Church and nation that the franchise be extended to women; and that a ‘Church League’, independent of party, be formed in the Name of God to secure for women the Parliamentary vote as it is or may be granted to men; to use the power thus obtained to establish equality of rights and opportunities between the sexes, and to promote the social and industrial well-being of the community.’’ The resolution was passed unanimously. The Lewisham branch of the CLWS was newly formed at the end of 1910 and Frank and his wife Elizabeth  were heavily involved. On 18 November Elizabeth proposed a resolution supporting the ‘’Votes for Women’’ Bill urging that it should become law before the end of the present year. Frank seconded the resolution saying it was the duty of the Church to take the matter in hand. The resolution was carried with unanimity. Frank Shipham was at home in Lewisham with his daughter, Monica, for the government census survey in April 1911. He showed his support for the cause by declaring himself ‘Husband of the occupier’ instead of ‘Head of the household'. Elizabeth evaded the census. Continuing with the campaign in June 1911 Frank Close Shipham, Esq. MA, FCP spoke at a garden party in Blackheath. On 1 Jun 1918 he became President of CLWS. Researched &amp; contributed by local and family historian Margaret Scott who is related to the Shiphams.</text>
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                    <text>Source: Leamington Spa Courier, 9th December, 1910 p. 4.</text>
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              <text>Frederic was the History Schoolmaster at Leamington Municipal School for Boys attaining his BA (Hons) in 1910 whilst teaching there. He was a member of the Men's League for Women's Suffrage which formed in 1907 'with the object of bringing to bear upon the movement the electoral power of men ... To obtain for women the vote on the same terms as which it is now, or may in the future, be granted to men'. Researcher: Tara Morton. Research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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              <text>Geoffrey Mander (1882-1962) a Wolverhampton paint and varnish manufacturer and later liberal MP, inherited Wightwick Manor in 1900 and was an outspoken supporter of the Suffragist Movement and an advocate of women’s equality. Geoffrey does not appear on the 1911 census, and was likely abroad with Mander Brothers company commitments.&#13;
In 1912, Geoffrey spoke at a local Women’s Liberal Association meeting (records show that he had been attending and addressing these meetings since at least 1907) and argued that every woman over the age of 21 should be able to vote and should be allowed to have seats in Parliament and sit on the Wolverhampton Town Council. However, he did argue that while he hoped women would get the vote in the next two years, it was too big a demand to put forward at the present time. Geoffrey reiterated his commitment to women’s right to vote in the Manders Monthly Messages pamphlets, which we believe were distributed to the work force and perhaps the local community. A year later in 1913, Geoffrey formally joined the Wolverhampton Women’s Suffrage Society. He presided over a meeting of the local society at Wightwick, which his wife (see) Florence hosted the speaker, Alicia Bewicke, on ‘Women of the East and West’. Geoffrey, with his wife Florence, also supported the 1913 NUWSS pilgrimage, led by Millicent Fawcett. When the travellers stopped in Wolverhampton a great meeting was held in the marketplace which was supported by Geoffrey and Florence. Geoffrey later served in the House of Commons, 1929-1945, as a radical Liberal MP. He quickly built a reputation for his skilful use of ‘parliamentary questions’. He tirelessly argued for women’s rights on many issues, including: the need for more women magistrates and policewomen; for restrictions of hours laundry workers could work; for increased maternity benefit and more maternity accommodation; and asked why some London universities refused to allow women to train as doctors. Geoffrey also challenged the Home Secretary on the introduction of legislation with the object of ‘removing the sex disqualification which prevents women taking their seats in the House of Lords and differentiates them from men in respect of inheritance, contract and restraint on anticipation, and other matters, with a view to facilitating a League of Nations convention on equal rights for men and women?’ The Home Secretary declined. In 1931 he was also one of the MPs to put forward a Domestic Service Bill, to establish a commission and charter to ensure female domestic workers were not exploited, had proper training, working conditions, pay, holidays and accommodation. Researched and contributed by Hannah Squire (Assistant Curator, National Public Programmes, National Trust).&#13;
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              <text>George Herbert Davis was born in Wandsworth in 1864. He qualified as a solicitor in 1888 and practiced for a number of years. Whilst working in London he lodged with the Scott family in Penge, and married Ethel Scott in 1891. George subsequently became a vicar, gaining his BA at Oxford University in 1902, and his MA in 1904 at St Stephen’s House, Oxford. He worked in various parishes, including in Rochester, St Paul Newington, St Saviour Saltley, and became a Minor Canon and Assistant Vicar Choral at Hereford Cathedral in 1911. He completed the 1911 Census and was described as a boarder at 7 Castle Street in Hereford. His wife (see) Ethel is absent and likely evading. The family soon moved to 7 The Cloisters, a set of 15th century buildings where the Vicars Choral all lodged. Reverend Davis was a prominent member of the Church League for Women's Suffrage, campaigning across the country. He also shared a platform with speakers at WSPU meetings including Mrs Pankhurst and Annie Kenney. He was listed as one of the clergy members in the January 1912 CLWS newspaper. He wrote many articles and letters for the CLWS, and continued his involvement with the publication into the 1920s when it became the Church Militant. In August 1913 he was part of the clergy deputation to Downing Street and was turned away from seeing Prime Minister about the Cat and Mouse Act, describing the Act as “a dastardly caricature of justice”. He also campaigned to protect the rights of women from sexual abuse, and wrote extensively on this, including a review of Christabel Pankhurst’s book, “The Great Scourge” in The Suffragette newspaper on 16 January 1914. He was made vicar of St Weonards in Herefordshire in 1917, and he and Ethel remained there until 1931. Subsequently he held various office posts in diocesan offices in London and Salisbury, finally retiring to Sherborne in 1939. He predeceased Ethel by just over eighteen months, dying in April 1947. Contributed by Herefordshire community fundraiser Clare Wichbold, MBE.</text>
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              <text>Mr Fayerman, a property dealer and surveyor, regularly attended CUWFA meetings with his wife and daughter in 1911. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together. </text>
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                    <text>Marie Brackenbury in prison, postcard 1908-9. Source: Kenney Papers, UEA Archive.(https://suffragettestories.omeka.net/items/show/134)</text>
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                    <text>Published cartoon sketch entitled ‘History Up To Date And More So’ by Marie Brackenbury. Source: Surrey History Centre ref 6536/221 www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk</text>
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                    <text>The Brackenbury census evasion at 2 Campden Hill, 1911. Source: Courtesy The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Miss Brackenbury 'suffragettes information refused' so noted in red by the census enumerator along with the number of evaders present, 1911. Source: courtesy The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Georgina Brackenbury 1905-1914. Source &amp; copyright The Museum of London.</text>
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                    <text>WSPU leader Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst painted by Georgina Brackenbury (commissioned 1927). Source &amp; copyright The National Portrait Gallery.</text>
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                    <text>Georgina Brackenbury's portrait of Viscount Dillon (1894) hangs in the National Portrait Gallery. Source &amp; copyright The National Portrait Gallery.</text>
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                    <text>The Brackenbury’s deeds for the cause were commemorated in a plaque made by suffrage campaigner Ernestine Mills commissioned by the Suffragette Fellowship in 1950. Source: The Museum of London online collections (plaque link copyright © V.I. Cockroft).</text>
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              <text>Georgina Agnes Brackenbury (1865-1949) and her sister Marie Venetia Caroline Brackenbury (1866-1945) were portrait and landscape painters respectively. They were born in Woolwich to an army general and his wife Hilda and were two of nine siblings. Both sisters trained at the Slade school of art circa 1888 to 1900 where they met several fellow students who were also became involved in the campaign for female suffrage. After leaving the Slade Georgina has some success portrait painting. For example, her portrait of Viscount Dillon (1894) hangs in the National Portrait Gallery and she exhibited a portrait of Lord de Mauley at the Royal Academy in 1904. The sisters rented studios in Chelsea (1896 in 56 Glebe Place) and Kensington (1911 2 Hillsleigh Road) but had the use of a huge studio located in their Kensington home from 1900 at 2 Campden Hill Square where they spent the duration of their involvement in the Women’s suffrage campaign alongside a country home in Peaslake, Surrey. In 1907 through 1908, both sisters subscribed to Mrs Millicent Fawcett’s law abiding NUWSS but also in 1907 joined Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst’s militant WSPU. Soon after in 1908, Marie contributed a cartoon to a January edition of the ‘Women’s Franchise’ which was also reproduced as a postcard and a leaflet. The cartoon entitled ‘History Up to Date and more so – by a suffragette pavement artist’ made a comical play on the nursery rhyme The House that Jack Built. That same month, the sisters held a WSPU meeting at their home studio at Campden Hill accommodating 200 women. Their shift towards militancy was rapid when they were arrested just a few weeks later on the 11th of February following their part in a daring raid on the House of Commons with suffragettes attempting to force entry. Both Georgina and Marie were sentenced to six weeks in prison. Undeterred, in June, the sisters chaired platforms at the WSPU demonstration in Hyde Park (21st June) and Georgina began travelling up and down the country speaking at meetings. In 1910, and after working with Annie Kenney, she took over from Mary Gawthorpe as an organiser in Manchester. In 1911, the Brackenbury home became a haven for suffragettes boycotting the government census survey that year hosting an 'evasion'. The message scrawled across the census form read ‘Miss Marie Brackenbury in charge takes this opportunity of registering her protest against the votelessness of the women of Great Britain by refusing to fill in this form’. The census official notes there was one man, and 25 women present at the Brackenbury evasion. The following year in 1912, Marie, Georgina, and their elderly mother Hilda were all imprisoned for two weeks for taking part in the WSPU window smashing campaign. During the most turbulent final years of the militant campaign, the Brackenbury home became known as ‘Mouse Castle’ for giving refuge to suffragettes temporarily released pending rearrest under the infamous Cat and Mouse Act (see our Glossary of terms under resources). In 1914, the Brackenbury home even became temporary WSPU headquarters after its central office was raided by police. In 1927, Georgina was commissioned to paint a portrait of Mrs Pankhurst (see image) and was a pall bearer at her funeral in 1928. In 1950, the Brackenbury’s deeds for the cause were commemorated in a plaque by Ernestine Mills commissioned by the Suffragette Fellowship. Contributed by Tara Morton (Warwick University) as part of the Mapping British Women Artists 1750-1950 project &amp; Research Group, which is affiliated with The British Art Network (led and supported by Tate and the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, with public funding provided by the National Lottery through Arts Council England.</text>
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                    <text>Gertrude Howey, 1908. Source:  Museum of London, ID. 53.140/144.</text>
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              <text>Gertrude Howey (1853-1942) was the mother of Mary and Elsie Howey, and was herself a suffragette. She lent a caravan to the WSPU for their summer tour in 1909, and spoke at meetings in Cornwall and elsewhere. She contributed to and ran one of the stalls at the WSPU Bazaar in spring 1909. Gertrude evaded the government census in 1911, but is noted on the summary sheet (see image). Mary Howey, her daughter, completed the form but resisted with a 'Votes for Women' slogan. Contributed by Herefordshire community fundraiser Clare Wichbold, MBE. See also Elizabeth Crawford, The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928 (Routledge).</text>
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