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                    <text>Lady Frances Balfour. Source and credit: © National Portrait Gallery, London</text>
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                    <text>Source: Isle of Wight Times, 2 Nov 1911</text>
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                    <text>1911 census finds Lady Balfour visiting the Bishop of the Church of England. Source: courtesy The National Archives</text>
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      <description>A record of a person related to the Mapping Women's Suffrage project</description>
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          <description>The age of this person at the time of the 1911 UK Census</description>
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              <text>32 Addison Road, Kensington, London </text>
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              <text>Frances Elizabeth Balfour was born in 1858 to her father, the 8th duke of Argyll and her mother, the daughter of the 2nd duke of Sutherland. She was brought up in a traditionally liberal household. Her family strongly supported slave emancipation. Her eldest brother married Princess Louise, daughter of Queen Victoria. Frances Married Architect Eustace Balfour in 1879. Eustace was the younger brother of Arthur Balfour, the Conservative Prime Minister from 1902-1905. Frances and Eustace had 5 children together. She became close friends with her sister-in-law, Lady Betty Balfour, who was also the sister of Lady Constance Lytton. In her memoirs, she said she always passively believed in women's suffrage, and she began helping the cause in the 1880s, working with active suffragists, Miss Jenner. Her political education grew as she became a member of the executive committee of the Unionist Women’s Association from the 1890s. In 1896, she became the president of the Central Committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage as well as a member of the special appeals committee. In 1904, she became president of the Central Society for Women’s Suffrage, a position she held until 1914. In 1906, she became a member of the Women’s Franchise Declaration Committee. In that same year, she donated 1 guinea to the WSPU to help fund the Savoy banquet for released suffragette prisoners. She reluctantly took part in the mud march held by the NUWSS in 1907. She became a member of the NUWSS executive committee in 1903, but in a 1911 meeting, it was decided she would not be re-elected as she didn’t attend enough meetings. However, if she were not re-elected, she would be named vice-president. Frances complied with the 1911 census. She is recorded as a visitor at the palace in Peterborough, which is the residence of the bishop of Peterborough. However, she is placed on the map where she was based throughotu the campaign in Kensington, London. On the 27th of October 1911, she spoke at a NUWSS meeting in Newport on the Isle of Wight, chaired by MP Douglas Hall. She also spoke in Shanklin the next day at a meeting for the NUWSS. As a traditional Liberal, she was initially against the NUWSS election fighting fund, but she later came around to it as she felt it was the correct approach. She continued her work with women after the war. In 1922, she became vice president of the Elizabeth Garrett Hospital and of Edinburgh Hospital and Dispensary for women and children. She died in 1931. Sources: Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 18661928 (London, 1999). Contributed by Becca Aspden, URSS student researcher, History Dept., Warwick University</text>
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              <text>Francis Donisthorpe was Honorary secretary of the Wellesbourne CUWFA in 1911. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together. Her address on the census form is vague - simply Wellesbourne - but as her form falls between those collected for a number of properties on Warwick Street (now Warwick Road), she likely lived somewhere between the two in Wellesbourne in 1911.</text>
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                    <text>Frances Hardcastle at Girton (1888). Source:  Newcastle University, Special Collections, 'Ethel Williams'.</text>
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              <text>Mathematician </text>
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          <description>The address of this person at the time of the 1911 UK Census</description>
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              <text>3 Osborne Terrace, Newcastle</text>
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              <text>Frances (1866 – 1941) was born in Essex into a family of wealthy academics. Her great grandfather was astronomer Sir William Herschel and her aunt Constance Herschel lectured in natural science and mathematics and was one of the earliest female lecturers at Girton College, Cambridge. Frances also studied mathematics at Girton and became one of the founding members of the American Mathematical Society in 1894 while studying at Bryn Mawr college in the US to obtain a degree given many British institutions would not allow women to sit for exams. More is known about Frances’ mathematical achievements (for more on this see sources below) than her suffrage work, which can be traced back to her time at Girton where she spoke to the oratorial society on its aims and history in relation to the Women’s Suffrage Movement and the Higher Education of Women. She was also a member of the CWSA (Cambridge Association for Women’s Suffrage). Later, Frances became Honorary Secretary of the NUWSS and signed a letter written to The Times in 1908, stating her disagreement with suffragettes’ militant methods. She later became active in the suffrage movement in the Newcastle area through her lifetime companion (see) Dr. Ethel Williams, with whom she shared a home. Interestingly, Frances is absent from the 1911 census return for 3 Osborne Terrace as is Ethel who was evading the census in protest at her exclusion from the franchise despite the census boycott’s illegality. It is probable that Frances was evading with her. Source: Amy Todd 'Frances Hardcastle' https://womenvotepeace.com/women/frances-hardcastle-bio/ ; For more on her mathematics achievements see https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hardcastle/</text>
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                    <text>Source: Courtesy of the National Archives.</text>
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              <text>30 Clarence Square, Cheltenham.</text>
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              <text>Frances Stirling and her daughter (see) Elvira Stirling were supporters of the WSPU from 1911 when a local branch was set up by Ada Flatman. Frances gave 1 gn. to their funds in the year 1911-12 and took part in the boycott of the government census that year along with her daughter Elvira. Frances declares that the census form 'is filled in through the magnanimity of a suffragette' in the hope that just legislation for women will soon be forthcoming - qualifying the two women as census resisters (see image). In common with a number of local supporters, Frances Stirling later joined the CUWFA and in 1912 signed the presentation to the Conservative MP under that organisation's heading. It is not known whether this was because she became disillusioned with WSPU tactics or whether she maintained dual allegiance. Frances was Canadian and four of her five living children with her British born husband were born there. In 1913, the whole family returned to Canada. Researcher/contributor: Sue Jones author of 'Votes for Women: Cheltenham and the Cotswolds' (The History Press, 2018).</text>
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          <name>Age</name>
          <description>The age of this person at the time of the 1911 UK Census</description>
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          <description>The address of this person at the time of the 1911 UK Census</description>
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              <text>The Green Cottage, Southam Street, Kineton, Warwickshire, CV35 0LN</text>
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                    <text>Source: Leamington Spa Courier, 9th December, 1910 p. 4.</text>
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In 1912, Geoffrey spoke at a local Women’s Liberal Association meeting (records show that he had been attending and addressing these meetings since at least 1907) and argued that every woman over the age of 21 should be able to vote and should be allowed to have seats in Parliament and sit on the Wolverhampton Town Council. However, he did argue that while he hoped women would get the vote in the next two years, it was too big a demand to put forward at the present time. Geoffrey reiterated his commitment to women’s right to vote in the Manders Monthly Messages pamphlets, which we believe were distributed to the work force and perhaps the local community. A year later in 1913, Geoffrey formally joined the Wolverhampton Women’s Suffrage Society. He presided over a meeting of the local society at Wightwick, which his wife (see) Florence hosted the speaker, Alicia Bewicke, on ‘Women of the East and West’. Geoffrey, with his wife Florence, also supported the 1913 NUWSS pilgrimage, led by Millicent Fawcett. When the travellers stopped in Wolverhampton a great meeting was held in the marketplace which was supported by Geoffrey and Florence. Geoffrey later served in the House of Commons, 1929-1945, as a radical Liberal MP. He quickly built a reputation for his skilful use of ‘parliamentary questions’. He tirelessly argued for women’s rights on many issues, including: the need for more women magistrates and policewomen; for restrictions of hours laundry workers could work; for increased maternity benefit and more maternity accommodation; and asked why some London universities refused to allow women to train as doctors. Geoffrey also challenged the Home Secretary on the introduction of legislation with the object of ‘removing the sex disqualification which prevents women taking their seats in the House of Lords and differentiates them from men in respect of inheritance, contract and restraint on anticipation, and other matters, with a view to facilitating a League of Nations convention on equal rights for men and women?’ The Home Secretary declined. In 1931 he was also one of the MPs to put forward a Domestic Service Bill, to establish a commission and charter to ensure female domestic workers were not exploited, had proper training, working conditions, pay, holidays and accommodation. Researched and contributed by Hannah Squire (Assistant Curator, National Public Programmes, National Trust).&#13;
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