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                    <text>Source: The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Annie served Coventry as a Councillor for many years. Source: Midland Daily Telegraph, 7 July, 1938.</text>
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              <text>Annie was born in Portsmouth in 1874 and was a member of the law abiding Coventry Women's Suffrage Society - the local branch of the law abiding NUWSS. In 1911, we find her living in Nicholls Street with her husband John a draughstman engineer in a local armament works. Clearly, Annie maintained a life long passion for politics and she gains prominence in Coventry affairs in the 1920s and 1930s. She became involved with the War Pensions Committee and was the appointed representative of the Coventry Railway Women's Guild. In 1929, she wrote an article in the The Daily Herald rebuking criticism of married women working for 'pin money' thus undercutting men's wages stating that 'until the mother is provided by the state with sufficient to give her children proper conditions of life, no-one has a right to interfere with what she shall do'. In 1934, Annie stood for the Labour Party in a Coventry by- election that took place when a seat became vacant in the Hillfield's ward. She won by a considerable margin and became Councillor for Hillfields for several years. Annie was also a member of the Women's Cooperative Guild who she staunchly defended in the local press in 1938 when they were criticised for the wearing and selling of the white poppies of pacifism. She died aged 76 in 1950. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>Catherine makes a public speech in Market Square. Source: The Coventry Herald, October, 1913.</text>
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                    <text>Source: The Suffragette, 6 Feb, 1914.</text>
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              <text>Dr. Catherine Arnott was born in 1858, and was elder sister to Coventry suffragist (see) Harriet Collington. She was a physician and surgeon and spent a number of years living and studying in Ireland at the Royal University of Ireland. She  seems to have moved back to England when offered a position as assistant medical officer at Lancaster County Asylum in 1894. In contrast to her law abiding suffragist sibling Harriet, Catherine became a member of the suffragette WSPU although when she joined is unclear. Catherine is absent from the 1911 census records so, she may already have been with the WSPU and taking part in the suffragette boycott of the census that year in protest at not having the vote. Some suffragettes 'evaded' the census which may explain her absence from the record. By 1913 Catherine had become Press and Honorary Secretary of the WSPU's Coventry branch and chaired regular public meetings often held in the city's Market Square. Public speaking for the vote was a brave undertaking as women were often jeered and sometimes physically assaulted by people in the crowd or passers-by. In one public speech, she made clear her reasons for campaigning stating that, 'Without the vote there could be no real improvement in the conditions of this country. Women did not want the vote for the pleasure and excitement of going to the polling booth once every five years; they wanted it to ameliorate the conditions of men, women and children' (Coventry Herald, Oct 10 and 11, 1913, p12). Several locations are given for Catherine during the campign years: 'Beech Brae' and 71 Berry Street where she is located on our map (this property may have been owned by her sister Harriet and husband) and in 1914, an office for suffrage 'at homes' located at no. 1 Holyhead Road. In later years, Catherine became an expert in the treatment of tuberculosis and ran the Eastby Sanatorium in Bradford, Leeds. Afterwards, she moved with her sister Harriet and brother in law to Kirkconnel Hall in Ecclefechan, Scotland. Catherine died in 1942 aged 84. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>Harriet Collington in later life. Source: The Midland Daily Telegraph, 11 March, 1937.</text>
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                    <text>Source: The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Harriet shares her opinion on the effect of actions by the 'militant' suffragettes whom her sister Dr. Catherine Arnott supported. Source: The Coventry Herald, July 1913.</text>
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              <text>Harriet was born in 1860 in India to British parents. Her father Sir Frances Arnott, was surgeon-general and honorary surgeon to Queen Victoria. By 1911, she had been married to her husband, a medical practioner, for 17 years. The couple had four children and had settled in Coventry at the turn of the twentieth century. Harriet was active in the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society (CWSS) - a local branch of the large and law abiding National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) - from its earliest days and performed a variety of roles including as speaker and as chairman of its committee. Harriet's husband was fully supportive of her campaigning for female suffrage, a passion she also shared with her elder sister (see) Dr. Catherine Arnott. However, the two sisters disagreed over suffrage tactics. Harriet was a suffragist committed to law abiding methods of campaigning whereas her sister Catherine was a sufffragette joining the WSPU. Harriet was publicy critical of the suffragette tactics her sister supported stating that 'militants were doing a certain amount to turn people away' from the votes for women cause by 'annoying' them. Harriet argued it was imperative that the peaceful work of 'quiet women' should continue. However, the two sisters remained on good terms and hosted some suffrage 'at home' gatherings together. Harriet also took part in several mass meetings and rallies held in London and was often seen in Coventry selling suffrage literature in the Broadgate area of the city. In 1914, she joined a joint deputation made up of the CWSS and the Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Association (CUWFA) of which she may also have been a member. The aim of the deputation was to go and see the prospective Conservative and Unionist Party candidate for Coventry, Edward Manville, to press him to support the votes for women cause. In later years, Harriet was one of the founders of the Coventry Women's Club and - as a staunch Conservative - of the Coventry Conservative Children's League which was later appropriated by Conservative Central Office becoming the 'Young Britons'. Harriet also served as a Justice of the Peace in Coventry for several years. In 1930, she and her husband (who was a member of Coventry City Council) retired and moved to Scotland where Harriet died aged 77 in 1937. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>Source: Google maps, 2019.</text>
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                    <text>Source: The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Selina (Mrs Samuel Bright) at a London meeting for women's suffrage alongside Millicent Fawcett and others in 1878. Source: The Daily News, July, 1878.</text>
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              <text>Selina Bright was a pioneer of the women's suffrage movement. Born in London in 1833, Selina spent most of her life in Rochdale, Lancashire, where she married her husband Samuel Bright. Samuel was the business partner and brother of John Bright (industrial cotton manufacturer as well as a Manchester and later Birmingham MP) and of Jacob Bright, a radical Liberal M.P. who helped formulate the first organised women's suffrage petition handed to parliament in 1866 by John Stuart Mill, M.P. The couple had three children all of whom sadly died in infancy. Marrying into the Bright family put Selina at the heart of social and political reform politics of the day. In 1878, she attended a meeting of the Central Committee for the National Society for Women's Suffrage and was likey a member of this early suffrage society. Others in attendance included Millicent Fawcett future leader of the large and law abiding National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) which had yet to form in 1897. The Bright's had ties to Coventry and likely settled in the city in the 1860s where Selina stayed after her husband's untimely death in 1873 although she travelled frequently. Selina became vice-president of the Coventry and District Women's Liberal Association and later president of the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society (CWSS) which officially formed in 1910 as the local branch of the NUWSS. In 1911, we find her living in Warwick Row with two servants. As a law abiding suffragist, she did not take part in the suffragette boycott of the 1911 government census but instead complied. Selina worked tirelessley for the CWSS until ill health began to effect her role as president forcing her to miss numerous meetings. She subsequently died at her Coventry home in October 1917 aged 86, a year before the Representation of the People Act was passed which gave some qualified women over 30 the vote. Annette Iliffe (see) took over her role as President of the CWSS. Selina was known for her good works in Coventry and in her will left funds to many local charities including the Coventry Warwickshire Hospital Convalescent Fund, Coventry and District Nursing Institution and St Faith's Friendless Girls Institution. Selina is buried with her husband Samuel in Lancashire Cemetery alongside their three children. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>The inaugural meeting of the CWSS hosted by Marie at home in 1909. Source: The Common Cause, 23 Dec, 1909.</text>
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              <text>Marie's husband Alfred White was co-founder and managing director of White and Poppes (Drake Street) a large motor engineering firm in Coventry that became renowned arms manufacturers during the Great War. Marie played a central role in founding the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society (CWSS) - the local branch of the law abiding NUWSS - by inviting and hosting a meeting for the latter in Coventry in 1909 from which a preliminary Coventry committee was formed. At the beginning of 1910, the CWSS was officially founded with Marie acting as literature secretary. Afterwards, she hosted a series of follow up meetings and 'at homes' at St. Gilgen often with her sister in law (see) Edith White helping the Coventry Society grow in its early years. Marie seems to have been most comfortable as a facilitator rather than as a speaker, but was ever present throughout the campaign. She was an avid supporter of Coventry and District Nursing Association and numerous children's welfare charities. In 1920, she left Coventry for a time to work in the Tyrol, Austria, for Coventry's Save the Children and Famine Relief Fund. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.&#13;
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              <text>Originally from Solihull, Edith Chattaway married in 1902, Cyril White, secretary of the Coventry motor engineering company White and Poppe, co-founded by his brother and managing director Alfred White. Edith was active in founding the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society (part of the larger law abiding NUWSS) alongside her sister in law (see) Marie White. The two hosted local meetings for the NUWSS leading to the formation of a provisional Coventry committee in 1909 with Edith acting as treasurer. She also held meetings for the formal inauguration of the Coventry branch at her home in 1910. Seldom absent from society meetings throughout the campaign, by 1914 Edith had become its vice president. During the First World War, she was instrumental in setting up Infant Welfare Centres across the city and was also secretary for the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) in Coventry helping run a local shop for donations. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.&#13;
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              <text>Averal was born in Coventry in 1882 and by 1911 was living with her brother (a solicitor) her mother, an aunt, and two servants at 76 Holyhead Road. She joined the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society (CWSS) - a local branch  of the large and law abiding NUWSS - becoming its Honorary Secretary. Averal was also Honorary Secretary and committee member of another local society - the Coventry branch of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (now the RSPCA) organizing its competitions and entries for the city's May Day parade. As a law abiding suffragist, Averal complied with the government's 1911 census choosing not to take part in the suffragette boycott of the survey that year. In 1913, she wrote a series of articles exploring women's role in the politics of local government, published in the newspaper The Coventry Herald. Through her role in and with the help of the CWSS, Averal was central in founding the Tipperary Club in February 1915, located in the city's Old Palace Yard. The club provided all manner of help and support for the wives and mothers of local soldiers and sailors caught up in the First World War. Its services included invaluable free childcare facilities and health advice from Doctors, as well as providing reading material, refreshments and fortnightly entertainment for women and children. Averal's legacy via the Tipperary Club was felt for many years in Coventry. So positive was its impact on the local community during the 1914-18 War, that it was revived during the Second World War. Averal remained interested in expanding women's role in political life. When women finally got the vote on the same terms as men in 1928, Averal stood as a Labour candidate for Coventry City Council - narrowly missing out by 46 votes to the Conservative candidate. She had by then moved to Lion's House, Allesley, where she compiled a history of Old Allesley and was active in the local Women's Institute there (meetings were held at the Parish Rooms) among other parish work. Sadly, her contribution to local women's causes was cut short. Averal suffered an untimely death aged just 47 due to complications following an operation for appendicitis. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.&#13;
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                    <text>Source: The Midland Daily Telegraph, 10 February 1939, p. 7.</text>
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              <text>Sarah lived with her husband - a store keeper - her daughter, and a boarder in a small 5 roomed house in Coventry in 1911. She remained there for the rest of her life until her death in 1944. As a dress maker, Sarah's wages would have been meagre so extra income from a lodger must have been welcome especially in 1911 when her husband injured himself and was unable to work. In fact, 1911 was something of an annus horribilis for Sarah. In April 1911, she was fined 2s 6d in court for non payment of a dog license which she made clear was solely due to a fall in trade which meant she was unable to afford one. The fine must have compounded the family's poverty. Earlier, in January 1911, she had appeared in court to support a summons she submitted against her husband for assault.  She described how her husband kicked her in the side, picked up a chair and 'threatened to bash her head in with it'.  He counter claimed that the argument started because she was trying to put him in the Workhouse due to his injury and inability to work, and now she was trying to put him in prison. Ultimately,  he was bound over for 6 months and was ordered to pay all costs. The stress of poverty on their marriage and family is evident in these two court appearances. There are few contemporary accounts of Sarah's votes for women activity. However, she is described in a 1930's newspaper report as having been a 'suffragette' but was in fact a 'suffragist' belonging to the Coventry branch of the law abiding  NUWSS - the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society. In the newspaper interview, Sarah eschews suffragette militancy saying - 'People get resentful of a movement that only causes trouble. Nothing ever came of violence'. Nevertheless, she recalls that one of her most exciting moments as a suffrage campaigner came at a mass meeting in nearby Warwick, where she arrived late and was mistaken for the WSPU suffragette leader, Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst! Sarah claimed to have been greeted with both enthusiastic cheering and jeering from the crowd in equal measure. Sarah and her husband did not see eye to eye over the suffrage campaign either. She recalled that her husband was opposed to 'Votes for Women' but she was resolute, stating: 'it made no difference to me. It is only right that women should have the vote'. Asked if she would do it all again, Sarah replied with an emphatic - 'I would'. Cromwell Street where Sarah lived has been partially demolished, redeveloped and renumbered so identifying whether Sarah's house still survives is problematic. Contributor/Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.&#13;
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                    <text>Source: The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>Mary lived with her husband Robert who was a Brass Founder. As head of household, it is likely Robert filled in the couples 1911 census form. Hence, most of the required details have been given correctly - but not all. Most likely at his wife's request, Robert has written 'suffragette' as Mary's occupation. This qualifies her as a 1911 census resister taking part in the suffragette boycott of the government survey that year in protest at not having the vote. Taking part was a substantial risk for working women as such action could incur a fine and even imprisonment. As a 'suffragette', Mary was most likely a member of the WSPU who opened a branch in Coventry 1908 with an office in Earl Street. At this stage we know little else about Mary. Could you help? Foleshill Road has undergone significant redevelopment and renumbering so it's unlikely Mary's home still exists. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.&#13;
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              <text>Oakdene, Spout Hill, Rotherfield, East Sussex.</text>
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              <text>Honnor trained as a midwife and lectured and wrote extensively on health care, The Nurse’s Dictionary being among her many publications. The newspapers and periodicals to which she contributed included the WSPU’s Votes for Women. She was elected to the London School Board in 1897. An active social worker, Honnor had Oakdene designed and built for use as a holiday home for disabled London children. Like (see) Maud Roll, Honnor seems to have supported the WSPU, then joined the Women’s Tax Resistance League (WTRL). In 1911, she too appears to have taken part in the WSPU boycott of the Census in protest at women’s exclusion from the franchise. Honnor supported Maud Roll’s first public act of tax resistance in 1912, as reported in the local papers - the Kent and Sussex Courier and the Crowborough Weekly. In 1913, the supportive Daily Herald carried a notice of another public auction and protest meeting to be held at Mark Cross on 24th of May. According to the Kent and Sussex Courier, Honnor and Maud had again refused to pay their taxes and had yielded to the police a silver salver and a gold ring for public auction. The Daily Herald described these items being sold from a wagonette on the village street attended by a crowd of more than 150 people. Immediately after this second distraint sale, the usual protest meeting was held by the WTRL at which Maud Roll presided. However, Honnor was absent from this meeting because of illness. Obituaries in the Times, the Kent and Sussex Courier and Votes for Women (see images) paid tribute to the indomitable enthusiasm with which, while her health and strength lasted, Honnor advocated and fought for the causes in which she believed in the face of all opposition. Contributed by Frances Stenlake, Sussex suffrage researcher.&#13;
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