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                    <text>WSPU rosette. Source: courtesy The Women's Library, LSE.</text>
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                    <text>No Vote No Tax badge used by the WTRL. Source: courtesy The Women's Library, LSE.</text>
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              <text>'Hazeldene', Sylvan Way, Bognor Regis</text>
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              <text>Josephine Gonne was born in Natal in South Africa in 1866.  By 1894 she had married Capt. Charles Melvill Gonne of the Royal Artillery and given birth to a son in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. By 1901, the family had moved to Kent where Josephine was in a partnership with an electrical engineer’s business in Canterbury, although this was dissolved in 1906.  The couple were active in the suffrage movement from at least 1910 (see separate entry for Charles Gonne).  Their son Vere Carol Melvill Gonne (1894-1961) was also a suffrage supporter who donated to the Men’s Political Union for Women’s Enfranchisement. In 1911, Josephine wrote to the Common Cause newspaper defending the policy of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) and its interruption of a Liberal meeting at Bath.  She donated to WSPU campaigns several times in the following years and also belonged to the Women’s Tax Resistance League (WTRL) which campaigned under the slogan ‘No Vote, No Tax’. During early 1911, Charles was on the electoral register in London and the couple were active in the WSPU branch in the King’s Road, Chelsea.  No record has been found of Charles, Josephine, or their son in the census of April 1911, so it is possible that they evaded it as per WSPU and WTRL policy. By the autumn, they had moved to 'Hazeldene' Sylvan Way, Bognor Regis, West Sussex (the location is approximated on the map) where Josephine hosted an “At Home” for a local suffrage society that included militant and non-militant campaigners and at which her husband and Evelyn Sharp spoke. Perhaps the most dramatic moment in Josephine’s campaigning came when Charles was imprisoned in December 1913 for refusing to pay taxes on her behalf.  ‘The Vote’ newspaper complimented Josephine on her “plucky fight” in support of her husband. She sent a telegram to the King giving the facts of the case but was told to submit her petition to the monarch via the Home Secretary.  She declined this “doubtful privilege”, asking to present it through a military officer instead.  Fortunately, Charles was released within 48 hours and Vere made a public statement supporting him. Josephine died four years later in February 1917, aged around fifty.  In her will she left over £2000 to her husband (worth approx. £150,000 today).  By then Vere had joined the Royal Garrison Artillery in line with his family’s military tradition, eventually becoming an acting major. Contributed by art historian, Dr Diana Wilkins with additional information provided by Frances Stenlake and Tara Morton.</text>
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              <text>Physiotherapist &amp; owner-manager of a home for disabled children</text>
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              <text>Brackenhill, 47 Highland Road, Bromley, Kent</text>
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              <text>Katherine Felicia Harvey (1870 - 1946) was also known as Catherine Harvey, Felicia Kate Harvey and Katherine Felicia Harvey. She was profoundly deaf, had been married to Frank Harvey with 3 daughters, but was widowed at a young age. She was a physiotherapist and an early practitioner of physical therapy with the disabled children she cared for. In that time, this was extremely unusual: society was such that women were not encouraged to work in the medical profession and certainly not in roles that required physical contact. Kate had a long history of association with the suffrage movement. In 1882, a meeting of the Bromley, Beckenham and Shortlands Women’s Suffrage Society was held at her house and she was secretary. The following year the Society held its first annual general meeting at her house. Kate was a leading member of the WFL from 1910, and in 1911 assisted leader Charlotte Despard with the King George V Women’s Coronation Procession. Kate and Charlotte Despard became close friends: recorded in Charlotte’s diary on 12 January 1912, is ‘the anniversary of our love’ which has caused much speculation as to the exact nature of Kate and Charlotte’s relationship. In the 1911 census, the enumerator wrote ‘House filled with suffragettes who refuse information.’ Kate was also a member of the Women’s Tax Resistance League (WTRL) and engaged in a 2-year battle with Kent County Council for refusing to pay a stamp to obtain a licence for her gardener. For 8-months’ Kate barricaded herself in her house to avoid being arrested. The barricade was broken by bailiffs and she was arrested. In August 1913, Kate refused to pay and was sentenced to 2-months’ in Holloway. Kate was the first person sentenced under the Insurance Act: protests were made about the inequality of Kate’s treatment in comparison to the fines imposed on men for the same offence. Kate only served 1-month of her sentence due to concerns for her health.  She received a suffragist’s prison medal for her courage. For more information see, Jennifer Godfrey, Suffragettes of Kent, (Pen &amp; Sword Ltd, 2019). Researched &amp; contributed by Jennifer Godfrey.</text>
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                    <text>Source: Obituary Kate Close 1926 CLWS paper</text>
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                    <text>CLWS General council meeting, July 1913 in Brighton. Kate is pictured centre (annotated 8). Source: The Women's Library, LSE.</text>
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              <text>48 Rutland Gardens, Hove, Sussex</text>
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              <text>Katherine Louisa Naomi Close (1871-1926) or Kate Close was born in Leeds in 1871 to Prudence and Richard Close, clergyman. After 1901 she lived in Worthing and Hove. Kate was a governess and a born organiser. She was secretary of the Worthing branch of the Children’s Union of the Church of England Waifs’ and Strays’ Society in June 1907, increasing membership from six to sixty children in a few months. In 1911, Kate was living in Hove, Sussex with her mother, aunt and sisters Evelyne and Ethel at 48 Rutland Gardens, Hove. Her married sister (see) Elizabeth Close Shipham, living in Lewisham, often visited. Her brother, Richard Bevill Middleton Close was a clergyman in Middlesborough. Kate’s involvement in the Church League for Women’s Suffrage (CLWS) seems to have started through her sister, Elizabeth who was on the Executive Committee. Kate Close spoke on prison reform to the Brighton and Hove CLWS in October 1911. In ‘Votes for Women’ in November 1911, Kate offered to copy extracts from articles in Braille. Kate evaded the government's 1911 census staying away from her home at 48 Rutland Gardens - as did her sister Elizabeth in Lewisham. Their mother, Prudence had two of Elizabeth’s children staying with her there, and their sisters Evelyne and Ethel, aunt Naomi and the Swiss-born servant, Jeanne were all recorded as suffrage workers there. At the AGM in February 1912, the Brighton and Hove CLWS elected Kate Close as Branch Secretary. Meetings were held at 48 Rutland Gardens, Hove until an office was rented in Brighton in 1913. Kate arranged bicycle rides to surrounding villages to hold open air meetings twice weekly in the summer of 1912. The CLWS General Council meeting in July 1913 was held in Brighton and Hove, organised by Kate and the committee. The programme involved a public reception, church services and General Council meeting. Kate wrote: ‘The Reception was a financial success but the success was also there of added spiritual zeal and increased enthusiasm for the Cause’. Her organisational skills were praised by Rev. Claude Hinscliff in his meeting report. Kate remained Branch Secretary until the closure of the office in 1919. She became secretary of the Brighton branch of the Women’s Freedom League in 1923. Kate Close died in 1926. Her obituary described her as a skillful artist, expert teacher, untiring cyclist, excellent swimmer and loyal colleague. It went on to give more insights into her ‘unique personality’ in glowing terms (see image). Researched &amp; contributed by local and family historian Margaret Scott who is related to the Shipham family.</text>
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              <text>Warryalda, Kenilworth Road, Coventry </text>
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              <text>Miss Kathleen Orton was born in Stanhope, Queensland Australia, where her father worked as a surgeon. Just before moving to Coventry - likely in late 1911 - she had been living with her mother in Cheltenham. Her father was absent and likely still working abroad, although he did spend some time in later years in Bournemouth. Once living in Coventry, Miss Orton in 1912 became organizing secretary for the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society, the local branch of the law abiding NUWSS, working out of offices at 26 Trinity Church Yard. She was likely living by then at 'Warryalda' house on Kenilworth Road, Coventry, where she remained for a number of years. She was still resident there when she became branch secretary for the Coventry branch of the Church League for Women's Suffrage (CLWS) a position she held from 1914 to 1917. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>Source: Windows on Warwickshire, Heritage and Culture, WCC.</text>
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                    <text>Source: Windows on Warwickshire, Heritage and Culture, WCC.</text>
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              <text>Lady Willoughby de Broke was CUWFA president in 1911. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together. She was very active not only in campaigning for women's suffrage, but in working for a number of other social and economic causes such as enquiries into domestic service. Their house at Compton Verney was used by the Willoughby de Broke's for a number of CUWFA meetings in 1911. The couple also used Woodley House in nearby Kineton and were resident there when the census was taken in 1911.</text>
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                    <text>Laura Ainsworth in 1911. Source: www.bathintime.co.uk</text>
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                    <text>The 1911 census form for 32 Stuart Road, Gillingham, Laura's usual lodgings, but she is absent. Source: The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Laura prepares for the upcoming census boycott. Source: Votes For Women, 3 March, 1911 p. 360.</text>
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                    <text>The 1911 census form for Jezreel Hall, then a Dance Academy, where Laura organized a suffragette census evasion. Source: The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>Laura Frances Ainsworth was born in 1885 in Northumberland and became a teacher. However, she gave up her position to work as an organiser for the WSPU first in London and then in Birmingham. It was in Birmingham that she was arrested in 1909, for participating in the disruption of a meeting being held by the Prime Minister at Bingley Hall. Laura immediately went on hunger strike in Winson Green prison where she was forcibly fed. She, it was remarked, 'is very determined and it is necessary still to administer food through the tube' (see our Suffrage Glossary under resources for an explanation of Force Feeding). Once released, she was taken to a nursing home to recover. Like many WSPU organisers, Laura's life was peripatetic over the next few years. She worked in Bradford, Bolton, back in London, in Southend, Maidstone and Gillingham. Laura was lodging at (now) 32 Stuart Road in Gillingham in 1911 but was absent from her usual address when the government census survey was taken. That's because as a committed suffragette she was overseeing a mass census evasion of suffragettes elsewhere in Gillingham - at Jezreel Hall, in Canterbury Street. The census return for this evasion, tracked down by suffrage historian Elizabeth Crawford (see images) shows the census official recorded at the Hall (then a Dance Academy) a 'Party of suffragettes assembled' consisting of 1 male and 39 females - a considerable evasion. The 'Party' were discovered by the census official after a tip off by the police who were called to the Hall to investigate due to the noise made by the over exuberant suffragettes inside - undoing their own plans to hide out unnoticed! Laura resigned from the WSPU in 1912, when the Pankhurst's split with the well respected Pethick-Lawrences who had been with the WSPU since its very beginning. In 1913, she became secretary for the North-East branch of the National Political League which aimed to push social and political reforms for women and for men - a predicate of which was the granting of the vote to women. Laura died in 1958. Sources: Information provided by Elizabeth Crawford. To read more on Laura's census night exploits, view Crawford's excellent blog on Laura Ainsworth at https://womanandhersphere.com/2013/11/11/suffrage-stories-the-1911-census-the-gillingham-suffragettes-boycott/</text>
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                    <text>Laura Ridding 1900 (Photo: Ernest H Mills) Source: image ref NTGM012018 courtesy Nottingham City Council (www.picturethepast.org.uk).</text>
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              <text>Lady Laura Palmer was born in London in 1849 the daughter of the First Earl of Shelbrooke. In 1876, she married George Ridding, who in 1884 became Bishop of Southwell, Nottingham so the couple moved there. Laura was a keen suffragist though this was something she had to downplay because of her husband’s prominent role in the church. Nonetheless, she was very active in social projects for women and girls in Nottingham, for example, founding a rescue home - Southwell House in Broad Marsh and Hope Lodge - for girls in prostitution. She was also involved in campaigning for better factory conditions and reduced hours helping set up in 1895 the National Union of Women’s Workers, and was involved in the Girls’ Evening Home Movement – clubs to keep young working women off the streets and out of pubs. She was responsible for founding Family Care, an organisation still helping families today. She was also a Poor Law Guardian and rural district Councillor for Southwell Union from 1895 – 1904 at which time her husband died. In 1911, she spent some time with her sister and brother-in-law, the Earl, and Countess Waldergrave in London, where she can be found on the census. She later appears as one of the patrons of a fete held in aid of the East Midlands Federation of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies in 1912, though by this time she had moved back to live at a former residence the Rectory in Wonston, Hampshire. Laura among her other activities, wrote for various periodicals and the Times newspaper on subjects such as women’s education. She wrote three biographies of her husband, sister, and nephew. She also wrote a historical novel ‘By Weeping Cross’ in 1899. During WWI she remained active in the Soldiers and Sailors Family Association, the Women’s War Agricultural Committee, and the YWCA (Young Women’s Christian Association).  Laura died in 1939 and is buried alongside her husband in Southwell where she did so much good work. Source: No Surrender: Women's Suffrage in Nottinghamshire - NWHG. Contributed by Nottingham Women's History Group www.nottinghamwomenshistory.org.uk.</text>
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              <text>Lavena was born in Hebden Bridge in 1881, the daughter of a fustian dyer. Around her tenth birthday, she became a half-time tailoress in a local clothing factory, leaving school to work&#13;
full-time soon after. In the 1901 aged 19, she is recorded as working as a machinist fustian clothing tailoress, still in Hebden Bridge.&#13;
&#13;
Little is known of Lavena’s next five years. However, finding small-town Hebden Bridge restricting, in c. 1906 she moved up to more cosmopolitan Halifax, working as a weaver. Here there were more like-minded women in the Women’s Labour League and in the WSPU. Living off Queens Road, Lavena found herself in the heart of Halifax’s nest of suffragettes. &#13;
&#13;
In March 1907, she went down to Westminster, was arrested ~ and imprisoned for 14 days. The next year, February 1908, she was again down in London, for the WSPU’s Women’s Parliament, was again arrested ~ and sentenced to 6 weeks.&#13;
&#13;
Such harsh prison sentences inevitably took their toll. And from 1908, Lavena seemed to distance herself from WSPU militancy. In ‘Suffragettes on the Tramp’, she and Laura Wilson dressed in old clothes, walked the 25 miles to Wakefield to experience life as a tramp. And increasingly Lavena turned to the  new educational opportunities offered by the Workers’ Education Association (WEA): she wanted to make up for her few years’ schooling, cut so brutally short. Lavena now found her voice ~ and was soon writing her wonderful ‘The Letters of a Tailoress’ (The Highway, WEA), reflecting back on the confining horizons of her late-Victorian girlhood. Lavena had emerged as a talented writer. &#13;
&#13;
In March 1911, when Emmeline Pankhurst came to Halifax and spoke on the census boycott at the Mechanics’ Institute Hall, Lavena was probably sitting on the platform behind her. Three days later, on census night itself, she was undoubtedly an evader (from 13 Park Place, off Queens Road, where she was a boarder). &#13;
&#13;
In 1917, she married George Baker, a private soldier, at the Unitarian Chapel, Halifax ~ and they moved to Bradford. Sadly, Lavena fell into virtual obscurity for the next 40 years. She died in 1957 in Bradford, one of the ‘the disappeared’. &#13;
&#13;
For more see, Liddington, Rebel Girls: their fight for the vote, Virago Press 2006 (includes selections from Lavena’s writings).&#13;
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                    <text>Source: Windows on Warwickshire, Heritage and Culture, WCC.</text>
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              <text>Rev Goodenough of St Peter's was present at numerous Warwickshire CUWFA meetings in 1911. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together. He also belonged to the Warwickshire Yeomanry HQ staff and is pictured below in 1914 with Major Robert Airth Richardson, a local supporter of women's suffrage. Initailly, the Rev. appeared to be against female suffrage but was close friends with the president of the CUWFA Lady Willoughby de Brooke and her husband. His position seems to have altered overtime, but he left the parish shortly afterwards.</text>
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                    <text>May is absent and likely evading the census. Source: courtesy The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>Leonora was married to University College science Professor, Philip Shaw. She joined the Nottingham WSPU branch in 1908 and may have been a founding member. She also acted as some time Treasurer and President and was also a member of the Church League for Women’s Suffrage. She was absent from her home on census night (see image) suggesting that she was evading as part of the WSPU census boycott. Later that year, she was present at the violent struggle that took place during the Black Friday demonstration in Parliament Square in November 1911. Source: Elizabeth Crawford, The Women's suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928 (London, 1999); Crawford, The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain and Ireland: A Regional Survey (London, 2006). Contributed by Nottingham Women's History group www.nottinghamwomenshistory.org.uk. </text>
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