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              <text>Born in 1870, Helena Jones grew up in north Wales and became an early Fabian. One of the pioneer generation of impressive women doctors, she studied at the Royal Free in London, qualifying in 1901. A suffragette, she spoke at the great 1908 WSPU rally in Hyde Park ~ and soon impressed Emmeline Pankhurst. &#13;
&#13;
 Circa 1909 Dr Helena Jones was appointed the first schools’ Medical Officer for the West Riding, and moved up to live in Halifax. Despite her demanding job, she became the WSPU organizer for Halifax, linking the Pankhursts’ headquarters in London (undoubtedly by telephone) with local suffragettes - like Mary Taylor who lived just a short walk away.&#13;
&#13;
Helena Jones was the organizing genius behind Emmeline Pankhurst’s census boycott meeting in Halifax on Thursday 30 March 1911. It was  held in the town-centre Mechanics’ Institute Hall and Dr Jones took the chair at this crowded meeting. Three days later, on census night itself, Helena Jones was a very resolute evader: the enumerator wrote a statement to this effect on her schedule, which was signed by her domestic servant, the only occupant of the house.&#13;
&#13;
In World War I, Dr Jones worked in Corsica with the Fabian Relief Fund. She then returned to Wales, working as assistant Medical Officer of Health in the Rhondda, in charge of the maternity and child welfare clinic. She died in September 1946.&#13;
&#13;
For more see, Ryland Wallace, The Women’s Suffrage Movement in Wales 1866-1928 (University of Wales Press, 2009).&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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              <text>Lavena was born in Hebden Bridge in 1881, the daughter of a fustian dyer. Around her tenth birthday, she became a half-time tailoress in a local clothing factory, leaving school to work&#13;
full-time soon after. In the 1901 aged 19, she is recorded as working as a machinist fustian clothing tailoress, still in Hebden Bridge.&#13;
&#13;
Little is known of Lavena’s next five years. However, finding small-town Hebden Bridge restricting, in c. 1906 she moved up to more cosmopolitan Halifax, working as a weaver. Here there were more like-minded women in the Women’s Labour League and in the WSPU. Living off Queens Road, Lavena found herself in the heart of Halifax’s nest of suffragettes. &#13;
&#13;
In March 1907, she went down to Westminster, was arrested ~ and imprisoned for 14 days. The next year, February 1908, she was again down in London, for the WSPU’s Women’s Parliament, was again arrested ~ and sentenced to 6 weeks.&#13;
&#13;
Such harsh prison sentences inevitably took their toll. And from 1908, Lavena seemed to distance herself from WSPU militancy. In ‘Suffragettes on the Tramp’, she and Laura Wilson dressed in old clothes, walked the 25 miles to Wakefield to experience life as a tramp. And increasingly Lavena turned to the  new educational opportunities offered by the Workers’ Education Association (WEA): she wanted to make up for her few years’ schooling, cut so brutally short. Lavena now found her voice ~ and was soon writing her wonderful ‘The Letters of a Tailoress’ (The Highway, WEA), reflecting back on the confining horizons of her late-Victorian girlhood. Lavena had emerged as a talented writer. &#13;
&#13;
In March 1911, when Emmeline Pankhurst came to Halifax and spoke on the census boycott at the Mechanics’ Institute Hall, Lavena was probably sitting on the platform behind her. Three days later, on census night itself, she was undoubtedly an evader (from 13 Park Place, off Queens Road, where she was a boarder). &#13;
&#13;
In 1917, she married George Baker, a private soldier, at the Unitarian Chapel, Halifax ~ and they moved to Bradford. Sadly, Lavena fell into virtual obscurity for the next 40 years. She died in 1957 in Bradford, one of the ‘the disappeared’. &#13;
&#13;
For more see, Liddington, Rebel Girls: their fight for the vote, Virago Press 2006 (includes selections from Lavena’s writings).&#13;
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              <text>Born in Keighley in 1979, Dinah’s mother was unable to sign the birth certificate, just marking it with a cross. Dinah, who had been a woollen weaver, married Charles Connelly, a stone mason. They lived in the congested terraced housing of Halifax’s industrial suburbs ~ in 1901 just off Queen’s Road, and by 1911 at 22 Howard Street, by Pellon Lane. So Dinah lived at the heart of Halifax’s nest of suffragettes. At New Year 1907, Dinah was among the 22 Halifax women who signed the ILP Manifesto to the WSPU. Then in February 1907, Dinah went down to London to take part in the WSPU’s Women’s Parliament; she was arrested ~ and sentenced to 14 days in prison. &#13;
&#13;
Dinah Connelly complied with the 1911 census, Charles signed the household schedule, and all the information is provided. However, a closer look at Dinah’s occupation reveals that it is given as ‘slave’ (the word is deleted, presumably by the census official). Why ‘slave’? It’s easy to see. In 1911, Dinah’s family consisted of herself, Charles (undoubtedly coming home with clothes covered in stone dust), and three sons, aged 9, 2 and 11 months. All five were squashed into a small 4-roomed terrace house. Domestic slavery indeed. Dinah's house is now demolished, but the photograph featured here is of similar houses that remain at the end of her street.&#13;
&#13;
One of Dinah’s younger children, Laura Mitchell, later became Mayor of Halifax ~ and has an impressive Laura Mitchell health centre named after her in the town centre.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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              <text>Mary and Arthur Taylor were pioneer members of the early labour movement in Halifax. As a member of the engineers’ union, he was victimized, lost his job  ~ and then was elected a Labour councillor. Mary was a key member of the Women’s Labour League and was elected a Poor Law Guardian. They had lived in the terraced suburbs of Pellon Lane, birthplace of Halifax’s nest of suffragettes. They had one daughter, Hilda, who as a teenager somehow managed to stay on at school. &#13;
&#13;
In 1905, the Taylors moved out of smoky Halifax to more rural Skircoat Green, and into a larger house ~ with six rooms. At New Year 1907, when the Halifax WSPU branch was formed, Mary was undoubtedly a moving spirit; and she was among the 22 Halifax women who signed the ILP Manifesto to the WSPU. Then in February 1907, Mary went down to London to take part in the WSPU’s Women’s Parliament, was arrested ~ and was sentenced to 14 days in prison. &#13;
&#13;
In 1911, when Emmeline Pankhurst came to address a crowded meeting in the Halifax Mechanics’ Institute on 30 March, Mary was undoubtedly present: her husband, Councillor Arthur Taylor, proposed the resolution supporting the Conciliation Bill. Certainly, for the census boycott three days later, we can be absolutely sure that Mary was an evader.&#13;
&#13;
Both Mary and Arthur Taylor were appointed magistrates. Alderman Arthur Taylor JP died in Dec 1923, and Mary Taylor JP in April 1934, aged 70. &#13;
&#13;
For more see, Liddington, Rebel Girls: their fight for the vote, 2006.&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
Nelson was a hotbed of socialism, and the Coopers were drawn into the Independent Labour Party (ILP). Selina gained public speaking experience through the Women’s Cooperative Guild, and soon was collecting women cotton workers’ signatures on a suffrage petition ~ and in 1901 she accompanied the 29,359-signature petition down to Westminster. Selina was elected a Poor Law Guardian; in 1903 helped launch the Lancashire Women Textile Workers’ Representation Committee; and in 1906 organized the Nelson Suffrage Society which met in the Coopers’ small front room.&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
From 1914, Selina Cooper, like others in the ILP, opposed the war and supported conscientious objectors. In 1924 she was appointed a JP; and in 1934 she joined a small deputation to Nazi Germany to visit four women prisoners. Selina Cooper died aged 81, and many years later, her house at 59 St Mary’s Street was commemorated with a blue plaque.&#13;
&#13;
For more see, Liddington &amp; Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us, 1978 &amp; 2000. Liddington, The Life &amp; Times of a Respectable Rebel, 1984. The Selina Cooper papers are deposited with the Lancashire Record Office, Preston.&#13;
&#13;
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              <text>Margery Corbett Ashby (1882-1981) was the elder daughter of leading Liberal suffrage campaigners (see) Marie and Charles Corbett of Woodgate, Danehill, Sussex. In 1904 she and sister Cicely accompanied Marie to Berlin for the first International Women’s Suffrage Congress. With a BA from Newnham, Cambridge, Margery became secretary of the NUWSS, then joined the executive committee and was soon addressing public meetings in London and in Sussex: at Brighton Dome in October 1910 she was the principal speaker at the biggest event yet organised by the Brighton and Hove Women’s Franchise Society. While their father was briefly Liberal MP for East Grinstead and had a flat in London, she and Cicely formed the ‘Younger Suffragists’ there. This non-party, non-militant society’s inaugural meeting in December 1909 was chaired by Margery and addressed by Lady Betty Balfour of the Conservative Women’s Franchise Society.&#13;
County Liberals and eminent suffrage campaigners gathered for Margery’s wedding to Brian Ashby in Danehill Church in December 1910. The couple subsequently lived in Langside Avenue in Putney, where we find them on the 1911 census and where Margery is described as a lecturer on suffrage and politics. Margery became a Poor Law Guardian in Wandsworth and chair of the Barnes, Mortlake and East Sheen branch of the London Society for Women’s Suffrage in 1914, the year her son was born. Yet she continued to speak for women’s suffrage in Danehill as well as in London: at a ‘drawing room’ meeting hosted by Mrs Firebrace of Danehurst in November 1912, as well as on a platform at the Hyde Park mass rally at the culmination of the Great Suffrage Pilgrimage in July 1913. When 1918 Representation of the People Act allowed women to stand for Parliament, Margery stood for the Liberals at several General Elections just to further the cause. At Ladywood, Birmingham, in December 1918, she was, as the sympathetic Mid Sussex Times reported, ‘snowed under’ by votes for Neville Chamberlain who then entered the House of Commons for the first time. Three years later she ‘made a splendid fight for Liberalism at Richmond’, supported by fellow Sussex Liberal, Lord Denman of Balcombe Place. The Mid Sussex Times took pride in announcing the achievements of ‘Charles Corbett’s clever daughter’ (sic), repeatedly reminding readers of her election in 1923 as President of the International Women’s Suffrage Alliance, and in 1927 as President of the Women’s National Liberal Federation. In 1929, as President of the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship, the successor to the NUWSS, Margery attended a meeting at Balcombe Place to promote the formation of Townswomen’s Guilds in Sussex. Women having been granted equal voting rights with men in 1928, the NUSEC was, in 1933, succeeded by the National Union of Townswomen’s Guilds, with Margery as President. As a member of the British delegation to the disappointing 1932-4 League of Nations World Disarmament Conference in Geneva, Margery worked with Lord Robert Cecil, of nearby Chelwood Gate, a founder member, with her father, of the Men’s League for Women’s Suffrage in 1907. In February 1935, these two luminaries of the women’s rights and peace movements emphasized to a packed audience in Danehill Memorial Hall the need to persevere with League of Nations peace efforts. Margery referring to having worked in 30 countries, spoke of ‘the feeling of the world for peace’. ‘It is our business to let the Government know what we want.’ She continued to live in the Putney area of London during much of her working life, later moving to back to Sussex. Margery Corbett Ashby was made a DBE in 1967. For more information see Margery Corbett Ashby in Elizabeth Crawford: The Women’s Suffrage Movement: a reference guide,1866-1928 (London: Routledge, 2001) and her entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The original entry has been added to and updated by independent researcher and writer Frances Stenlake using sources: Common Cause; Mid Sussex Times; Brighton Gazette; Danehill Parish Historical Society, Woodgate July 2010; Margery Corbett Ashby reminiscences recorded by J Bakewell 1972, Women' Library, LSE. &#13;
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              <text>The whole Clayton family was deeply involved in the suffrage movement. Edwy Clayton’s wife, Clara, and daughter, Hilda, were very active members of the WSPU and the Church League for Women’s suffrage. In 1913 Clayton was suspected of providing materials to make explosives used in suffragette attacks on property. He was sentenced to 21 months in prison, went on hunger strike, and was eventually released under the Cat and Mouse Act. As a result of the prosecution his business was, apparently, ruined. Clayton belonged to the Men's League for Women's Suffrage and also the Men's Politcal Union (MPU). The Men's League was founded in 1907, 'with the object of bringing to bear upon the movement the electoral power of men... to obtain for women the vote on the same terms as which it is now, or may be in the future, be granted to men'. The MPU founded in 1910 was a militant society - the male equivalent of the WSPU. For more information see the entry for Edwy Clayton in Elizabeth Crawford: The Women’s Suffrage Movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928 (London: Routledge, 2001). &#13;
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              <text>Eileen Casey was born in Australia, the daughter of a doctor, and moved to England as a child. All the members of the Casey family became involved in the suffrage movement. Eileen had joined the WSPU by 1911 and on census night only Dr Casey was at home – his wife and daughters evaded. In March 1912 Eileen was imprisoned after taking part in a WSPU-organised window-smashing campaign in Oxford Street. She went on hunger strike and was forcibly fed. She was arrested again on several occasions, charged with setting fire to pillar boxes and imprisoned. After being released under the Cat and Mouse Act in late 1913 she evaded the police for eight months until she was arrested on a charge of possessing explosives in Nottingham in June 1914 at a time when a visit was due to be made to the city by the King and Queen. On 28 July she was sentenced to 15 months’ imprisonment but was released a few days later under the general amnesty granted to suffragette prisoners on the outbreak of the First World War. Eileen’s mother and sister were also arrested as a result of their suffrage activities, her mother spending some time in prison. Dr Casey fully supported their commitment to the suffrage campaign and in June 1913 allowed the family home to be used by Kitty Marion and Clara Giveen immediately after they had set fire to the stadium at Hurst Park. For more information see the entry for Eileen Casey in Elizabeth Crawford: The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A reference guide,1866-1928 (London: Routledge, 2001).</text>
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