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                    <text>Sarah 'resists' by identifying as 'Cook Suffragist' under occupation on the 1911 census. Source: The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>Sarah (b.1851) had been a cook for the Le Lacheur family for at least 10 years. No other information about her interest or involvement in the suffrage movement is known. On the 1911 census for occupation she included ‘Cook Suffragist’ making her belief in the movement known though she complied in all other respects. For more information see, Jennifer Godfrey, Suffragettes of Kent, (Pen &amp; Sword Ltd, 2019). Researched &amp; contributed by Jennifer Godfrey.</text>
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                    <text>Source: The Midland Daily Telegraph, 10 February 1939, p. 7.</text>
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              <text>Sarah lived with her husband - a store keeper - her daughter, and a boarder in a small 5 roomed house in Coventry in 1911. She remained there for the rest of her life until her death in 1944. As a dress maker, Sarah's wages would have been meagre so extra income from a lodger must have been welcome especially in 1911 when her husband injured himself and was unable to work. In fact, 1911 was something of an annus horribilis for Sarah. In April 1911, she was fined 2s 6d in court for non payment of a dog license which she made clear was solely due to a fall in trade which meant she was unable to afford one. The fine must have compounded the family's poverty. Earlier, in January 1911, she had appeared in court to support a summons she submitted against her husband for assault.  She described how her husband kicked her in the side, picked up a chair and 'threatened to bash her head in with it'.  He counter claimed that the argument started because she was trying to put him in the Workhouse due to his injury and inability to work, and now she was trying to put him in prison. Ultimately,  he was bound over for 6 months and was ordered to pay all costs. The stress of poverty on their marriage and family is evident in these two court appearances. There are few contemporary accounts of Sarah's votes for women activity. However, she is described in a 1930's newspaper report as having been a 'suffragette' but was in fact a 'suffragist' belonging to the Coventry branch of the law abiding  NUWSS - the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society. In the newspaper interview, Sarah eschews suffragette militancy saying - 'People get resentful of a movement that only causes trouble. Nothing ever came of violence'. Nevertheless, she recalls that one of her most exciting moments as a suffrage campaigner came at a mass meeting in nearby Warwick, where she arrived late and was mistaken for the WSPU suffragette leader, Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst! Sarah claimed to have been greeted with both enthusiastic cheering and jeering from the crowd in equal measure. Sarah and her husband did not see eye to eye over the suffrage campaign either. She recalled that her husband was opposed to 'Votes for Women' but she was resolute, stating: 'it made no difference to me. It is only right that women should have the vote'. Asked if she would do it all again, Sarah replied with an emphatic - 'I would'. Cromwell Street where Sarah lived has been partially demolished, redeveloped and renumbered so identifying whether Sarah's house still survives is problematic. Contributor/Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.&#13;
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                    <text>Selina Cooper 1890 (copyright LSE)</text>
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              <text>Selina Cooper (1864-1946) at the age of 11 became a half-timer in a Lancashire cotton mill, working full-time from her thirteenth birthday. In 1896 she married Robert Cooper, a cotton weaver. Their son, John Ruskin, died as a baby; their daughter Mary was born in 1900; and the family moved into 59 St Mary’s Street, Nelson ~ where all three lived for the rest of their lives.&#13;
&#13;
Nelson was a hotbed of socialism, and the Coopers were drawn into the Independent Labour Party (ILP). Selina gained public speaking experience through the Women’s Cooperative Guild, and soon was collecting women cotton workers’ signatures on a suffrage petition ~ and in 1901 she accompanied the 29,359-signature petition down to Westminster. Selina was elected a Poor Law Guardian; in 1903 helped launch the Lancashire Women Textile Workers’ Representation Committee; and in 1906 organized the Nelson Suffrage Society which met in the Coopers’ small front room.&#13;
&#13;
By 1911, Selina Cooper had been employed as a NUWSS organizer for five years; an excellent public speaker, she travelled round the country, supporting pro-suffrage candidates ~ like young Bertrand Russell. In June 1911, she organized the local suffragist group, now called the Clitheroe Women’s Suffrage Society, on a special train down to London for the Coronation Procession (see image, taken on Nelson Station). Then, given the betrayal by Asquith’s Liberal Government, the NUWSS made an election alliance with the Labour Party; and from 1912, Selina Cooper was heavily in demand as a speaker, travelling the country to support Labour candidates at by-elections.&#13;
&#13;
From 1914, Selina Cooper, like others in the ILP, opposed the war and supported conscientious objectors. In 1924 she was appointed a JP; and in 1934 she joined a small deputation to Nazi Germany to visit four women prisoners. Selina Cooper died aged 81, and many years later, her house at 59 St Mary’s Street was commemorated with a blue plaque.&#13;
&#13;
For more see, Liddington &amp; Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us, 1978 &amp; 2000. Liddington, The Life &amp; Times of a Respectable Rebel, 1984. The Selina Cooper papers are deposited with the Lancashire Record Office, Preston.&#13;
&#13;
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                    <text>Source: Google maps, 2019.</text>
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              <text>Selina Bright was a pioneer of the women's suffrage movement. Born in London in 1833, Selina spent most of her life in Rochdale, Lancashire, where she married her husband Samuel Bright. Samuel was the business partner and brother of John Bright (industrial cotton manufacturer as well as a Manchester and later Birmingham MP) and of Jacob Bright, a radical Liberal M.P. who helped formulate the first organised women's suffrage petition handed to parliament in 1866 by John Stuart Mill, M.P. The couple had three children all of whom sadly died in infancy. Marrying into the Bright family put Selina at the heart of social and political reform politics of the day. In 1878, she attended a meeting of the Central Committee for the National Society for Women's Suffrage and was likey a member of this early suffrage society. Others in attendance included Millicent Fawcett future leader of the large and law abiding National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) which had yet to form in 1897. The Bright's had ties to Coventry and likely settled in the city in the 1860s where Selina stayed after her husband's untimely death in 1873 although she travelled frequently. Selina became vice-president of the Coventry and District Women's Liberal Association and later president of the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society (CWSS) which officially formed in 1910 as the local branch of the NUWSS. In 1911, we find her living in Warwick Row with two servants. As a law abiding suffragist, she did not take part in the suffragette boycott of the 1911 government census but instead complied. Selina worked tirelessley for the CWSS until ill health began to effect her role as president forcing her to miss numerous meetings. She subsequently died at her Coventry home in October 1917 aged 86, a year before the Representation of the People Act was passed which gave some qualified women over 30 the vote. Annette Iliffe (see) took over her role as President of the CWSS. Selina was known for her good works in Coventry and in her will left funds to many local charities including the Coventry Warwickshire Hospital Convalescent Fund, Coventry and District Nursing Institution and St Faith's Friendless Girls Institution. Selina is buried with her husband Samuel in Lancashire Cemetery alongside their three children. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>Selling the Suffragette newspaper at Hampton Court. Source: The Museum of London.</text>
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                    <text>Sophia's residence. Photo: Elizabeth Crawford</text>
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                    <text>Sophia's WTRL sale of goods card to raise funds for tax resistance. Source: courtesy The Women's Library, LSE.</text>
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                    <text>Letter to Lord Crewe mooting the possible removal of Sophia from her 'Grace and Favour' home at Hampton Court to stop her antics of selling the Suffragette newspaper outside. Source: Letter to Lord Crewe, The British Library.</text>
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              <text>Sophia Duleep Singh, daughter of Maharajah Duleep Singh, was a god-daughter to Queen Victoria; her mother was German. Sophia was born a princess, but her father’s abandonment of his family meant that she was no stranger to suffering as a child. Her father left his family destitute and Sophia’s mother died soon after from alcoholism and depression. Sophia was a committed member of the WSPU, taking part in one of the deputations to Parliament on ‘Black Friday’ (18 November 1910) that resulted in violent scenes in Parliament Square. At another time, she threw herself onto the Prime Minister’s car pressing a ‘Votes for Women’ pamphlet against the windshield. She was arrested during the suffrage campaign, but was never sent to prison perhaps because of her high social status. She was a regular speaker at meetings of the Richmond branch of the WSPU and, as a member of the Women’s Tax Resistance League too, on several occasions had goods seized after she had refused to pay taxes (see images). In 1911, Sophia took part in the suffragette boycott of the government census survey writing 'No Vote No Census' across her census return. She also took to selling the Suffragette newspaper outside Hampton Court Palace where she lived, standing next to an advertising board (see image). This prompted calls for her removal from her ‘grace and favour’ home at the palace to try and stop such antics (see images, letter to Lord Crewe attached). For more information see, Elizabeth Crawford: The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A reference guide, 1866-1928 (London: Routledge, 2001) and Anita Anand, Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary.&#13;
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              <text>Sophia was present with her husband the Rev. Gray Granville at a number of local CUWFA meetings. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together.</text>
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                    <text>Dr Stanton Coit. Source: courtesy of  © Humanists UK 2025&#13;
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                    <text>Source: Isle of Wight Observer, 21 Sept 1912</text>
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              <text>Stanton George Coit was born in 1857 in Columbus, Ohio. He was educated at Amherst College, Columbia College and received his doctorate from Berlin University.  His mother was friends with US women's rights activist Susan B. Anthony. He became a minister of the ethical church before moving to London in 1888 and eventually becoming a naturalised citizen. Stanton assisted in founding 40 ethical societies in Britain and became the leader of the ethical movement in England. He became a member of the Women's Franchise League in 1890. In 1903, he was an executive member of the Central Society for Women's Suffrage. He was a delegate of the 1904 conference in Berlin, which, with his wife Adela, formed the International Women's Suffrage Alliance. Dr Stanton Coit helped prepare an edition of J.S. Mill's Subjection of Women, which was published in 1906. He used notes lent by Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy, which detailed changes since 1869 when single women become eligible to vote in local town elections. She was acknowledged in his work. However, she wrote in a 1904 letter that "he will undoubtedly make a real hash of the whole matter, and him, like others of his "calibre", stop progress from happening in the movement. He became treasurer of the MLWS when it was formed in 1907 but had no official position in the movement by 1913. He complied with the 1911 census, living at 30 Hyde Park Gate with his wife Adela, 5 of their children and 8 servants. In 1912, he subscribed to the NUWSS fighting fund. During September 1912, he spoke at a meeting in Ryde on the Isle of Wight organised by his wife Adela. He called the women's exclusion from the suffrage a 'most ancient prejudice'. The meeting held at the now demolished St Clare Castle was instrumental in forming the Ryde Branch of the NUWSS on the Island. He retired from the ethical movement in 1935, and he died on the 15th of February 1944. Sources: Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 18661928 (London, 1999). Contributed by Becca Aspden, URSS student researcher, History Dept., Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>Chapelwood Manor, Nutley, East Sussex. Source: Postcard published (&amp;photographed) by Harold Camburn of Tunbridge Wells. Image scan courtesy of Sussex Online Parish Clerks www.sussex-opc.org</text>
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              <text>Sybil Brassey (1858-1934) Sybil de Vere, daughter of the Earl of Essex, married the widowed Lord Thomas Brassey and became the stepmother of Muriel, Countess de la Warr. The couple’s Sussex home was Chapelwood Manor, Nutley, but at the time of the 1911 Census they were on holiday in France. Sybil hosted and chaired suffrage meetings at her London residence, 24 Park Lane, and in Sussex. In November 1910 Millicent Garrett Fawcett addressed a reception at 24 Park Lane; in March 1911 Sybil chaired a meeting at Horsted Keynes in the company of Lady Betty Balfour, Louisa Martindale, Flora de Gaudrion Merrifield, Marie and Cicely Corbett, Mary Benson, Mary Spooner, and Edith Bevan. In May 1911 Sybil, as President of the Bexhill, Hastings, and St Leonard’s Women’s Suffrage Society, presided over a Crowborough meeting at which a message of support from her husband was read. The meeting resulted in the formation of a NUWSS branch, with Sybil as President. When, shortly afterwards, at a meeting chaired by Sybil in Hastings, Lord Brassey declared in person his ‘conversion to feminism’, this was reported nationally. In July 1911 Lord Brassey became an Earl and, as Countess Brassey, Sybil attended the first meeting of the Rotherfield and Mark Cross NUWSS branch. In October she chaired three lectures on women’s suffrage: in Uckfield by Liberal academic Walter Lyon Blease; in Burgess Hill by Lord Robert Cecil; and in Crowborough by Elizabeth Robins. In November Sybil presided at the New Constitutional Society for Women’s Suffrage in Hythe and a rally in Hastings was addressed by the Brasseys, Millicent Garrett Fawcett and Earl Lytton. Meetings chaired in 1912 began with Lord Robert Cecil at Forest Row, then included Tunbridge Wells, Rochester, Uckfield, and Deal. In October Sybil hosted a reception at 24 Park Lane for Men’s International Alliance for Women’s Suffrage delegates to a MLWS conference. In March 1913 she attended with Muriel the National Political League demonstration against force feeding. Neither she nor Muriel were able to attend the Hastings, St Leonard’s, and East Sussex rally in October at which Earl Brassey declared that he ‘loved the cause’, but in December Sybil formally opened the Women’s Franchise Club in Brighton. Sybil’s involvement in both London and county suffrage activity was exemplified by two important engagements in July 1914. On 6 July she hosted a reception at 24 Park Lane, under the auspices of the WTRL, for International Week guests of the Women’s Suffrage Union, British Dominions Overseas. Later that month she was on the platform in Cuckfield’s Queen’s Hall, supporting chair Lady Eleanor Cecil, at the 5th annual meeting of the Cuckfield and Central Sussex Women’s Suffrage Society addressed by Millicent Garrett Fawcett. During the War Sybil chaired fund-raising meetings in London and Sussex for the NUWSS Scottish Women’s Hospitals. Wounded officers who convalesced at Chapelwood Manor included war poet Siegfried Sassoon. In June 1918 Sybil presided over a meeting of the newly inaugurated Hastings and St Leonards Women Citizens Association addressed by Ray Strachey on ‘The Vote: Women’s New Responsibilities’. Contributed by Frances Stenlake, Independent researcher &amp; writer.</text>
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              <text>Thomas Carrier was born in Wolverhampton in 1859. He married Elizabeth Aston in 1882, and they went on to have six children – Lily Elizabeth, William Bradfield (born 1888), Beatrice Alice (born 1889), Dorothy Florence (born 1895), and two children who died. In 1911, the family were living at 67 Owen Road, Wolverhampton. Thomas was a foreman at a Varnish and Colours Manufacturer (presumably Mander Brothers Ltd). With the exception of Lily, the remaining members of the family, both men and women, became members of the Wolverhampton branch of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies. &#13;
Thomas died on 14 March 1948, by which date their address was Caraston, 122 Bruford Road, Wolverhampton, and the value of his effects was £739 16 s. 4d. Contributed by Heidi McIntosh, Senior Archivist, Wolverhampton Archives. Do you have more information or images relating to the Carrier's or their street or address? Do get in touch with us via the project website.</text>
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              <text>Retired Colonel Thomas Macan attended a number of local CUWFA meetings with his wife Gladys. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together. It is not possible from the census to pinpoint exactly which residence in Walton Wood the Macan's occupied.</text>
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