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                    <text>Israel Zangwill c. 1901. Source: The National Portrait Gallery.</text>
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                    <text>Israel Zangwill 1909. Source: The Vote, 16 December 1909 (courtesy The Women's Library LSE).</text>
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                    <text>The Zangwills 1911 census from with protest statement. Source: courtesy The National Archives</text>
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                    <text>Blue Plaque on Far End (now 63) Sea Lane, East Preston, Littlehampton. Source: courtesy East Preston Parish Council.</text>
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                    <text>Israel Zangwill c. 1900. Source: The National Portrait Gallery.</text>
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              <text>Author and dramatist Israel Zangwill (1864-1926) was associated with several suffrage societies. In 1903 he married Edith Ayrton who was also active in the suffrage movement. In 1906 he told Edith Palliser, secretary of the London Society for Women’s Suffrage, that he was too busy to address suffrage meetings. In December 1907, Israel spoke at the first big public meeting held by the MLWS; he later became one of its Vice-Presidents. On 21 June 1908, the Zangwills took part in the WSPU’s ‘Women’s Sunday’ procession to Hyde Park, riding in a four-horse coach with HG Wells, Thomas Hardy, and others. Later that year Zangwill criticised certain militant methods, and in February 1909 he was the principal speaker at an Exeter Hall meeting organised by non-militant societies. In May 1909 he addressed an NUWSS meeting in Cambridge; the following month he spoke for the WSPU in London. By the end of the year, he was supporting the WFL; a full-page profile in its paper Vote described him as ‘witty, ironic and brilliant’. In April 1911, the Zangwills joined the organised boycott of the census choosing to evade. Their servants were recorded and the Zangwills left a signed note on the census (see image) stating ‘The rest of the household is not entered as we feel that until women have the political rights of citizens, they should not perform the duties of citizens’. In June, Zangwill was in the writers’ contingent of the WSPU Coronation procession and on the platform at its Albert Hall finale. The Actresses’ Franchise League, the International Women’s Suffrage Club, and the Men’s International Alliance for Women’s Suffrage were among other organisations addressed by him. In November 1912 he expressed support for the new Jewish League for Women’s Suffrage, and by 1913 was speaking for the Women’s Tax Resistance League. In May 1913 Zangwill wound up an Oxford Union debate at which a women’s suffrage resolution was carried for the first time. He was involved in protests at this time against force feeding - of Hugh Franklin of the Men’s Political Union as well as of women prisoners – and the Cat and Mouse Act. In Sussex as elsewhere, Zangwill supported both constitutional and militant suffrage societies. In May 1911 he addressed a meeting of the Worthing Women’s Franchise Society presided over by (see) Lady Maud Parry; in February 1914 a meeting of the Littlehampton Women’s Suffrage Society, chaired by Alys Russell. In December 1912 WSPU organiser (see) Greta Allen reported two meetings in Chichester addressed by Zangwill and Alice Abadam, one disrupted by ‘hooligans.’ In February 1913 Zangwill became involved in a scuffle with Worthing hooligans shouting down his wife and other WSPU speakers at the Kursaal. When the United Suffragists was formed early in 1914, Israel and Edith Zangwill became Vice-Presidents, and as a United Suffragists speaker 1915 Zangwill demanded that the ‘Women’s Voice’ be heard in any Peace Settlement. Zangwill’s most memorable speeches were published as pamphlets by the Woman’s Press. Several were delivered at the Albert Hall on behalf of either the WSPU or the NUWSS, and Zangwill attributed the success of one speech, at a WSPU meeting in Nov 1910, to Miss Rosa Leo, voice coach to WSPU speakers: ‘Thanks to your teachings I spoke for nearly an hour at the Albert Hall without weariness – at least to myself – while my voice carried to every part of the hall’. Rosa Leo used this endorsement for months to come in her suffrage press advertisements. Sources: Women’s Library (WL 9/01/0118) letter 10 April 1906 to Miss Edith Palliser; Pall Mall Gazette; Cambridge Independent Press; Times; Common Cause; Suffragette; Vote; Votes for Women; Women’s Franchise; Eastbourne Gazette; West Sussex Gazette; Worthing Gazette; Jewish Chronicle. Contributed by: Frances Stenlake, Independent Writer &amp; Researcher.</text>
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                    <text>Ellen's 1911 census schedule. Source: courtesy The National Archives</text>
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              <text>Rose Chute Ellis (1861-1947) was the daughter of a member of the Legislative Council of South Australia, and appears to have come to Sussex in 1908, the year of the marriage of her brother, Boer War veteran Lt-Col William Chute Ellis, to Constance, the youngest of the four Bull sisters who ran a girls’ school at their home, Trevelyan, in Haywards Heath. Rose lived first in Ditchling with her companion Susan Armitage and Susan’s orphaned niece and nephew. By 1911 Rose was a popular speaker for the Central Sussex Women’s Suffrage Society (CSWSS): a speech at a summer garden meeting was reportedly ‘as refreshing as fizzing magnesia’. With Brighton’s Edith Pickworth and (see) Flora de Gaudrion Merrifield, Rose addressed outreach meetings in Ditchling and the village of Streat. In 1912 she and Susan moved their household to Cuckfield to live near CSWSS secretary and treasurer, (see) Edith Bevan, and helped Edith Bevan organise the Haywards Heath Sweated Industries Exhibition. Rose was on the platform at its opening, with Flora, Marie Corbett, and Louisa Martindale. As a member of the Girls Friendly Society, she worked with Dorothy Bonavia Hunt and her mother, and Mrs Bonavia Hunt expressed appreciation of the ‘spiritual aspect’ of Rose’s suffragist principles. Rose was the leading light of the Sussex Suffrage Amateurs, who performed plays written for the Actresses’ Franchise League. A favourite was A Chat with Mrs Chicky. Rose always played the title role; those who took a turn to play opposite her included (see) Alys Russell. Rose enjoyed the support of her brother, Lt-Col Chute Ellis. Declaring himself to have been a suffragist for 30 years, he chaired a meeting, held by the Burgess Hill Pleasant Wednesday Evening Society, addressed by Rose on Woman’s Place and Power in the State. When he and his wife hosted a suffrage garden meeting at their Burgess Hill home in Burgess Hill, he introduced speaker Rose as ‘well-known in the neighbourhood’. On Monday 21 July, Rose was among Cuckfield and Central Sussex suffragists, led by Edith Bevan and accompanied by photographer (see) Douglas Miller, who met suffrage Pilgrims from Brighton at Stonepound Crossroads, Hassocks. The following morning, she and Susan joined Edith Bevan, (see) Marie Corbett, (see) Louisa Martindale, Flora de Gaudrion Merrifield, (see) Dorothy Bonavia Hunt, and other CSWSS members, to set off from Cuckfield for the second day of marching. At the Hyde Park rally at the end of that week, Rose, Susan, and Edith were among the CSWSS stalwarts present around the Reformers’ Tree. A month later, at a CSWSS meeting at Ditchling, Rose referred to the Pilgrimage as ‘the most delightful week of my whole life’, a vindication of NUWSS non-militant methods. During the War, Rose’s campaigned for NUWSS hospital tents and children’s welfare; she helped organise a Ministry of Food talk in Cuckfield by (see) Elizabeth Robins. After the War, she and Susan moved with Edith Bevan to East Chiltington, Plumpton. Here Rose became successively founder, secretary, and President of the Plumpton WI, and ten years later, founder member of the League of Nations Plumpton branch. Sources: Mid Sussex Times Sussex Express Common Cause ESRO WI/62/3/1 Plumpton WI scrapbook. NB. the location of Ellen's home is approximated on the map. Contributed by: Frances Stenlake, Independent Researcher &amp; Writer.&#13;
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                    <text>Esther Roper c. 1892 as a student at Owen's College. Source: The Women's Library (LSE).</text>
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                    <text>Esther Roper (seated) at work with Edith Palliser (left) &amp; Mrs Blaxter c. 1905. Original Source: The Women's Library (LSE) TWL2009.02.141.</text>
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                    <text>Esther Roper &amp; Eva Gore-Booth gravestone in Hampstead. Source: www.spirited.org.uk</text>
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              <text>Cringle Brook, 4 Park Crescent, Victoria Park, Manchester</text>
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              <text>Esther Gertrude Roper was born on 4 August 1868, in Lindow, Cheshire. Her father had been a factory hand who turned to the Church Missionary Society to improve himself. He spent six years on missionary work in Yoruba, before marrying a teacher, Annie Craig. Esther was the couple’s first child and was looked after by grandparents or sent to the Church Missionary Society’s (CMS) Boarding school in Highbury, London, while her parents continued their work in Africa. When Edward Roper returned to England in 1874, he spent three years preaching around Lancashire. Esther went with him on many of these journeys. Aged only 6, she had an early introduction to the harsh conditions experienced in the textile industries. Annie valued education and Esther was sent to school rather than out to work. With support from the CMS, Esther was enrolled as one of the first women students at Owens College (see image), Manchester, graduating with a degree in 1891. Whilst at Owens, Esther became involved in the Debating Society, and in settlement work. This convinced her to work for women’s suffrage, and the cause of women’s rights – particularly fair and equal pay for working class women. In 1893, Esther took over and re-invigorated the North of England Society for Women’s Suffrage. She traveled extensively around Lancashire collecting signatures for Millicent Fawcett’s special appeal and became an executive member for the NUWSS in London. In 1896, Esther’s life completely changed, when she met the radical Irish writer (see) Eva Gore-Booth. Both were recuperating in Italy and whilst it is in not clear whether the two women became lovers, certainly they fell in love, and remained so for the rest of their lives. Eva moved to Manchester to be with Esther, and the two women then lived together until Eva’s death in 1926. Esther’s work for women’s right was prodigious. Although not a natural orator, she spoke at meetings all over the country, arguing that the vote would empower women to achieve equality in the working world – in training, opportunity, and most importantly, wages. She criticised protective legislation which limited women’s opportunities and often their wages. In line with this, she campaigned hard against legal restrictions on the work of Pit Brow Lasses in Lancashire and of Barmaids and pub Landladies across the country. In 1911, Esther and Eva were living in Victoria Park in Manchester. The census record describes Esther as ‘the occupier’ (see Eva Gore Booth's entry for census form). However, neither woman was in the property on census night, nor are they recorded elsewhere. It is highly possible that they took part in the mass evasion ‘sleepover’ at Denison House– (see Jessie Stephenson WSPU member). Jill Liddington, in Vanishing for the Vote (2014) describes them as ‘probably present’ (p.178). In 1913, the couple moved to London for Eva’s health. During the war both women supported conscientious objectors, welfare work, and the peace campaign. After Eva’s early death, Esther devoted herself to organising the publication of her poetry and other writing, maintaining herself with some history teaching. Esther died in April 1938 and the two are buried together in Hampstead. Sources: Sonia Tierman, Eva Gore Booth: An Image of Such Politics (Manchester: 2012); Jill Liddington, Vanishing for the Vote (Manchester: 2014); Helen Antrobus &amp; Andrew Simcock, First in the Fight (Manchester: 2019). Contributed by Evelyn Cook, Independent Researcher.</text>
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                    <text>The Homestall, Barley, postcard Robert H Clark, c. 1906. Credit: Haaretz newspaper</text>
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                    <text>Courtesy: The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Nina Salaman Portrait by Solomon J. Solomon, 1918. Source: Jewish Women’s Archive  (public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Salaman).</text>
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                    <text>Jewish League for Women's Suffrage badge. Source: Courtesy The Women's Library (LSE).</text>
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                    <text>Dr R N Salaman, Officers of the 39th Royal Fusiliers, Cairo, 1918. Dr Salaman is fourth from left, 3rd Row. Source: unknown, 1920 (The British Jewry Book of Honour, 1922 see https://www.jewsfww.uk/roll-of-honour.php).</text>
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              <text>Redcliffe Nathan Salaman (1874-1955) was a medical doctor who gave up his role when he contracted tuberculosis.  Redirecting his energies elsewhere, he became a well-known plant scientist who bred disease-resistant potatoes. Redcliffe and his wife ‘Nina’ (née Pauline Ruth Davis, 1877-1925) were advocates of women’s rights.  In 1909, the NUWSS newspaper Common Cause reported that Redcliffe spoke in favour of women’s suffrage alongside Mrs E O Fordham at a meeting in Hertfordshire.  The following year, Redcliffe and his wife hosted an event for Liberal Party supporters at their home in Barley, Hertfordshire.  As the couple lived in a large country house, the grounds provided a perfect location for the event which was attended by more than 450 people.  Redcliffe was among the speakers along with the Hon. Mrs Fordham who touched on the case for women’s suffrage. The Salamans were close friends of the suffrage sympathisers, Israel and Edith Zangwill, who campaigned with the MLWS and WSPU.  While the Zangwills appear to have evaded the 1911 census, the Salamans complied with it.  Redcliffe was described on the census as a retired doctor engaging in scientific research, while Nina, who was a poet and respected Hebrew scholar, was listed as an authoress.  Five of their six children were also named along with several servants. In 1912, Redcliffe and Nina were among the founding vice-presidents of a new organisation, the Jewish League for Woman Suffrage (JLWS), which the Zangwills also supported.  Welcoming the arrival of the JLWS, the WSPU paper The Suffragette, noted that the JLWS would work along similar lines to church suffrage leagues by emphasising the need for women’s emancipation to improve women’s status and to combat social evils.  The JLWS also aimed to “encourage the participation of the Synagogue in social movements of the day.”  Although Nina was active in the JLWS along with her sisters-in-law, she is said to have been less politically engaged than her husband and to have opposed the militant tactics of the suffragettes.  Nevertheless, she was ground-breaking in her own way.  As well as publishing her religious writing and being dedicated to improving girls’ education, she became the first woman to preach in an Orthodox synagogue in Britain in 1919. With the arrival of the First World War, Redcliffe joined the Royal Army Medical Core and served in the Middle East while Nina encouraged people to donate comforts to Jewish soldiers.  Redcliffe and Nina became increasingly involved in Zionism, a cause which Redcliffe continued to support after Nina’s untimely death in 1925.  The following year, Redcliffe married Gertrude Lowy (1887-1982) who had been a militant suffrage campaigner in her twenties.  During the Second World War, Redcliffe acted as Chairman of the Jewish Committee for Relief Abroad which assisted Jewish people who had been imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps. Sources: Common Cause; Suffragette; Herts &amp; Cambs Reporter; The Times; Todd Edelmen, ‘Surreptitious Rebel – Nina Davis Salaman’, Report of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew &amp; Jewish History (Oxford: OCHJC, 2013-14); The Jewish Museum www.jewishmuseum.org.uk. Contributed by art historian Diana Wilkins with additional information from Tara Morton.</text>
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                    <text>Photo of Annie in 1911. The photo appeared in the Poster Supplement of the Yorkshire Weekly Herald, 24 June 1911 ‘York Corporation and Municipal Institutions in the Coronation Year, 1911’. It was photographed by Mr. Lane Smith and Annie was one of just 6 women out of 116 men.</text>
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                    <text>1911 census return for 33 Melbourne Street. Only Annie's son is at home. Courtesy: The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Annie's house at 33 Melbourne Street. Photo courtesy of: Christopher Rainger, Fishergate, Fulford and Heslington Local History Society.</text>
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                    <text>Suffragettes evading the census in Coney Street. Annie was most likely among them. Source: courtesy The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Annie's daughter Florence and her baby Stephen who was pushed in his pram by fleeing suffragette Lilian Lenton (acting as a nanny) to escape house arrest under the Cat and Mouse Act (see Resources: glossary of terms). Photo with kind permission of Catherine Djimramadji (Annie Coultate’s great granddaughter).</text>
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                    <text>Annie's retirement entry in the Fishergate School Headteacher’s Log Book, 1921.</text>
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              <text>Annie Coultate posted a notice in Votes for Women on 18th February 1910, announcing that: ‘A group of women has undertaken to organise a women’s meeting on March 2nd.  All interested are invited to write to Mrs Coultate as above. Hon. Sec. Mrs Coultate, 68 Nunthorpe Road.’ A year later when the 1911 census enumerator called at 33 Melbourne Street in Fishergate, York, he discovered that then resident Annie Coultate had signed the census form, but she had not made an entry for herself and described her son Henry as the head of the household. The enumerator scratched out ‘Head’ and wrote ‘Son’ and added a terse note diagonally across the form saying: ‘The signature is that of a well-known suffragette. She was away from her home during the night of the census but was most probably enumerated amongst a number of suffragettes who passed the night in a room in Coney Street, York, with the object of evading the census’. Annie was secretary of York WSPU and had spent census night in a room adjacent to their offices in Coney Street, where an enumerator counted the 18 women and 3 men as they left the building. After the event, Votes for Women reported that ‘a large upper room was furnished with comfortable chairs and the evaders settled themselves in for the night…The most thrilling moments were when policemen ascended the stairs and the room ‘lay low’…  Supper was served and amid much merriment and a most enjoyable night was spent.’ As secretary, she was at the centre of the campaign and Votes for Women records her regularly selling large numbers of the newspaper from door to door and on the street in York.  She also organised events and social gatherings and occasionally spoke at public meetings in York and other towns. There were few examples of militant action in York, but Annie actively supported those who took part in the campaign. When Lilian Lenton was released under the Cat and Mouse Act, she escaped from house arrest in York by acting as a nanny and pushing Annie’s daughter Florence’s baby, Stephen, in a pram. Annie was born Annie de Lacy in 1856, the daughter of Henry, a wholesale druggist traveller. She became a pupil-teacher at the age of 15 and was 55 years old when she set up the York WSPU.  By then she was a highly respected senior teacher at Fishergate Elementary School, where her work for women’s suffrage was admired by the headmaster, George Barker. She was one of very few women included in a municipal poster of photographs of key figures working for York Corporation in 1910, the only known photograph of her. Annie married Frank Coultate in 1881. He was also a schoolteacher, but he died aged 41 and Annie brought up Henry and Florence on her own. Florence followed Annie into teaching and married William Mountain Holmes, headteacher of Poppleton Road School in York, and both were involved in the suffrage movement. Henry was a grocer’s assistant and also worked for the cause. Annie died in 1931 at her daughter’s house in Acomb, York, aged 75. Contributed by Christopher Rainger for the Fishergate, Fulford &amp; Heslington Local History Society. For more information about Annie Coultate and other women involved in the suffrage campaign in York, visit: www.ffhyork.weebly.com&#13;
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                    <text>Alys Russell in 1913. Source: Worthing Gazette, 28 May 1913 courtesy of West Sussex County Council Library Service. </text>
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                    <text>Meeting outside Shoreham Town Hall. The meeting is undocumented, and the speaker unidentified, but she does resemble Alys Russell. Source: Postmarked 1 June 1913, collection Sussex Archaeological Society. </text>
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              <text>American-born Alys Russell followed her mother as a campaigner. When Hannah Whitall Smith died in 1911, the Common Cause honoured ‘an evangelical speaker of passion and repute, an ardent Suffragist and a leader of the British Women’s Temperance Association’. After separating from Bertrand Russell in 1911, Alys took up residence at Ford Place, Arundel, West Sussex. In June 1912, she joined (see) Lady Maud Parry on the platform at a NUWSS meeting in Arundel Town Hall addressed by Sir Harry Johnston and Cicely Corbett. In January 1913 she presided at a Littlehampton Women’s Suffrage Society meeting. In May 1913, as a newly elected Vice-President of the Worthing Women’s Franchise Society, she chaired a lantern lecture about women factory workers, speaking about her own brief experience as a factory worker in 1903. On Saturday 19 July 1913, Alys and Lady Maud Parry led Littlehampton ‘Pilgrims’ to walk to Angmering before catching the train to Brighton. On Monday 21 July they headed the Brighton Road contingent of the Great Suffragist Pilgrimage as it set off for London. Alys addressed meetings on the way at Burgess Hill, Crawley, and Lowfield Heath. In October, opening the new premises of the Worthing Women’s Franchise Society, she urged members to follow up the impression made by the Pilgrimage in country districts by carrying the message out to villages during the winter. During that autumn, Alys talked to the Brighton and Hove Women’s Franchise Society and to the Worthing Women’s Franchise Society about schools for mothers such as she had established at St Pancras in 1907 as chair of the St Pancras Mothers and Infants Society. She addressed the Petersfield Women’s Suffrage Society on ‘Temperance, Women and the Vote’, and held an impromptu outdoor meeting in Chichester, having been crowded out of a debate in the Corn Exchange between Lady Selborne and Gladys Pott of the National League for Opposing Women’s Suffrage. By the end of 1913 speaking engagements were taking Alys all over the Southeast. Following the passing of the White Slave Traffic Act in December, she arranged for Mrs Bonwick, of the Liberal Women’s Suffrage Union, to address Littlehampton’s Women’s Temperance Association and the Littlehampton Women’s Suffrage Society in January 1914. She spoke herself in Littlehampton’s Congregational Church on women’s place in the community and presided over a Littlehampton Women’s Suffrage Society public meeting addressed by Israel Zangwill and Sir Harry Johnston. In the spring of 1914, with writer Rosalind Travers, of Tortington House, Arundel, Alys held weekly social gatherings for the ‘laundry girls’ of Littlehampton. In July she hosted a garden meeting at Ford Place to promote the NUWSS ‘Coast Campaign’ but in August was organising local war relief work. She had to leave Ford Place soon after this as the Ford Estate was put up for sale. Two of her last public engagements in the area were, appropriately, to talk in October 1914 to both the Horsham Temperance Association and Horsham Suffrage Society on ‘The War and Infant Welfare’. Until early 1916 Alys talked across the country on this subject. In June 1915 she was elected to the NUWSS Executive Committee and in early 1916 undertook a two-month fund-raising lecture tour of the United States and Canada to publicise NUWSS refugee aid and suffragist patriotic effort in general. She was back in time for the Patriotic Housekeeping Exhibition staged by the Brighton and Hove Women’s Franchise Society, where, in the Infant Welfare Room, she spoke on the need for more Health Centres and Health Visitors. As secretary of the Millicent Garrett Fawcett Hospitals for Refugees in Russia, Alys continued to drum up support for these. She organised jumble sales in Southampton, her new summer home, and in Chelsea where she lived at 11 St Leonard’s Terrace. As President now of the Portsmouth Women’s Suffrage Society, she returned in January 1917 to speak to the Worthing Women’s Franchise Society, whose former secretary, Mrs Elborough, was now administrator of the NUWSS hospitals in Russia. Alys became treasurer of the NUWSS in 1918, and with her niece Ray Strachey, and Millicent Garrett Fawcett and Margaret Jones, sent a letter to the June 1918 Imperial War Conference, urging the adoption throughout the British Empire of the principle of women’s suffrage. Sources: Bognor Regis Observer; Worthing Gazette; Brighton Gazette; Mid Sussex Times; Portsmouth Evening News; Hants and Sussex News; Kent and Sussex Courier; West Sussex County Times; West Sussex Gazette; Sussex Advertiser; Common Cause; International Women’s Suffrage News. Contributed by Frances Stenlake an independent researcher and writer.</text>
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                    <text>Florence Canning in 1911. Source: www.bathintime.co.uk (Bath Central Library) from the collection of Col Linley Blathwayt of Eagle House Batheaston.</text>
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                    <text>1911 census for 9 Bedford Gardens, Kensington. Florence is absent. Source: courtesy The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>Florence Canning was the eldest daughter of the vicar of Tupsley in Hereford, born in 1863. She moved to London and took part in several deputations. Florence was arrested and imprisoned at Holloway Gaol in June 1908 and arrested at Buckingham Palace then released after a night in the cells in May 1914. Florence planted a tree at Annie's Arboretum in Bath in April 1909. Injured at the Black Friday protests in November 1910, she never fully recovered her health. However, she became a prominent member of the Church League for Women’s Suffrage (CLWS) and chaired the organisation between 1912 and 1913. Florence was strongly in favour of the ordination of women and supported the campaign in 1913 by Ursula Roberts to gain admission to the priesthood for women. She gave public speaking lessons with Gertrude Eaton on behalf of the Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Association (CUWFA). Florence campaigned far and wide, speaking at meetings and demonstrations, travelling as far as the Isle of Skye and Dublin.  She participated in protests by the Women's Tax Resistance League and was a supporter of the East London Federation of Suffragettes led by Sylvia Pankhurst. Florence eventually moved to Brighton to receive further treatment from Dr Louisa Martindale for her breast cancer but died there on Christmas Eve 1914. Her body was taken back to Hereford, and she was buried with the suffragette colours on her coffin. Florence is absent from the 1911 Census and was likely an evader; her housekeeper Annie Hubbard and her husband John completed the form. Florence's sister Ethel was a suffragist and appears on the 1911 census as an author living in Bournemouth. Sources: C. Wichbold ‘Hard Work - but Glorious: Stories from the Herefordshire Suffrage Campaign (Orphan Press, 2021); Women's Library (LSE), Autograph Letter Collection: Women in the Church, Ref No 9/06. Contributed by Herefordshire community fundraiser &amp; author Clare Wichbold, MBE. </text>
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                    <text>Isabel is absent from the 1911 census for 53 Bidston Road. Source: courtesy The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>A Christmas note written by Isabel on WSPU headed note paper in 1911. Source: courtesy Museum of Liverpool.</text>
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                    <text>Isabel's later home, Swarthmoor Hall, Cumbria. Source: www.swarthmoorhall.co.uk</text>
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                    <text>Isabel's book on her Quaker ancestor, 'Margaret Fell: Mother of Quakerism'. Source: personal collection photo by Jo Donnelly.</text>
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              <text>Suffrage campaigner Isabel Abraham (later known as Ross) was a committed member of the Women's Social Political Union (WSPU). Isabel started donating to the WSPU in 1908 and remained a regular subscriber until 1913. Perhaps the best indicator of her dedication to 'the Cause' was demonstrated in March 1913 when she sold a bracelet and donated the sale proceeds to the WSPU.&#13;
Isabel was born on 22nd of August 1885 in Garston, Liverpool, to Thomas Fell Abraham and his first wife Margaret. By 1891 the Abraham family had moved to Birkenhead, residing at 53 Bidston Road, Oxton (point on the map is approximated due to redevelopment). Interestingly, Isabel and her family are descendants of Quaker founder Margaret Fell. In 1904, Isabel secured a place to study History at Liverpool University. While there, she was elected Joint President of the Student Guild. In addition to her Student Guild responsibilities, she was President of the Women's Christian Union and Chair of the Women's Debating Society. The 1911 census return for 53 Bidston Road does not list Isabel as a resident. Her absence was likely a deliberate act of evasion on Isabel's behalf as part of the suffragette boycott of the census. Isabel's teaching records state that she was working as a teacher at County High School for Girls, Wellington in 1911, but there is no trace of her on the census there either. Perhaps Isabel attended the Census Boycott party hosted by local Liverpool suffragette Dr. Alice Ker. In her diaries, Dr. Ker recorded a ‘Miss Abraham’ leaving her home the next day around 5.30.  However, Dr. Ker may have been referring to another local suffragette called Dorothy Abraham, so this is unclear. Either way, we know Isabel spent some time back in Birkenhead that year because she sent a Christmas Greetings Note on WSPU headed paper from the family home in Bidston Road. In 1915, Isabel married William Ross McGregor, a civil engineer from London. Shortly after getting married, Isabel and William relocated to Nairobi where Isabel continued her suffrage campaigning founding the East Africa Women's League in 1917. By the early 1920s, Isabel was living with her husband and two sons at Swarthmoor Hall, Cumbria (the ancestral home of Margaret Fell). In 1933, Isabel was appointed Vice-Chair of the British branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Later in life, she wrote a biography of Margaret Fell called ‘Margaret Fell: Mother of Quakerism’. This book is still in circulation and is considered a key Quaker history text. Contributed by Jo Donnelly, Women's History Blogger, www.theherstorianmum.co.uk. Sources: Copy of Birth Certificate via GRO website; Record Set National School Admission Registers, Borthwick Institute for Archives, University of York; Sarah Shields ‘Among Friends: The Story of The Mount School, York’ (2007); Marij van Helmond ‘Dr Alice Ker Diaries - Votes for Women: The Events on Merseyside 1870-1928’ (1992);  &#13;
https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/artifact/votes-women-christmas-wishes&#13;
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                    <text>Edith Rigby. Source: open.</text>
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                    <text>Winckley Square. Source: Beverley Adams.</text>
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              <text>Edith was born in Preston in 1872 and was the eldest child of Dr and Mrs Rayner. She attended Preston High School for Girls before becoming a pupil at Penrhos College in North Wales. Following the completion of her education Edith returned home and married Dr Charles Rigby and set up home in Winckley Square. She was a women's rights campaigner, who, despite being middle class, fought for better working conditions on behalf of the working women in the mills and factories in her hometown of Preston. She even set up an evening school for the young women of the mills so they would have a place to learn how to read, write, dance, and have fun. It was a natural step for Edith to make when she joined the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) after attending a meeting at the home of Emmeline Pankhurst in Manchester. She was an active campaigner and took part in many rallies in Westminster and back home in the north. She threw a black pudding at one MP whilst he was giving a speech in Manchester and tried to disrupt a meeting involving Winston Churchill at the Public Hall in Preston. She also detonated a small explosive device at the Cotton Exchange in Liverpool and burned down the bungalow of Lord Lever at Rivington, Lancashire. She evaded the 1911 census by joining others at a house party in Manchester (probably Dennison House – see Jessie Stephenson). She was imprisoned on several occasions and was force fed and then released under the Cat and Mouse Act, evading recapture by fleeing to Ireland. When the WSPU disbanded at the start of the First World War, Edith decided to form a Preston branch of the IWSPU (Independent) and it was decided they would campaign peacefully whilst helping with the war effort. Edith grew fruit and vegetables at her home and sold them cheaply at market, barely covering her costs. She formed the first Women’s Institute branch in Lancashire and often contributed to local good causes. Following the death of her husband in 1926 she relocated to North Wales with her younger sister where she died in 1950 aged 77. Sources: Phoebe Hesketh, My Aunt Edith (Lancashire County Books, 1992); Beverley Adams, The Rebel Suffragette: The Life of Edith Rigby (Pen and Sword, 2021); Lancashire Archives; Lancashire Post. Contributed by Beverley Adams author of ‘The Rebel Suffragette: The Life of Edith Rigby (above). See news blog 9.12.21.</text>
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                    <text>Lady Maud Parry, 27 Feb 1920 by Bassano Ltd. Source: The National Portrait Gallery, London.</text>
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              <text>Lady Maud Parry appears on the 1911 Census at the Gloucestershire family home of her husband, composer Sir Hubert Parry. The couple’s own home was Knightscroft, Rustington, near Littlehampton, close to the home of Agnes and Rhoda Garrett, sister, and cousin respectively of Millicent Garrett Fawcett. In December 1909, Maud chaired a Gloucester Women’s Suffrage Society meeting; speakers included her husband, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, and Alys Russell. In 1910 she became President of the new Littlehampton Women’s Suffrage Society, and, in 1911, of the Brighton and Hove Women’s Franchise Society (BHWFS). In 1911, Maud chaired two meetings in support of the Conciliation Bill then before Parliament: in May at St James Hall, Worthing, where speakers included Lady Betty Balfour, Marie Corbett, and Israel Zangwill, and in September at Rustington House. In February 1912, the Parrys were ‘among the distinguished men and women’ on the platform at the Albert Hall mass meeting addressed by Millicent Garrett Fawcett and Lloyd George. Tiny by comparison but described as ‘breaking new ground’ was the meeting Maud chaired at Arundel in June, addressed by Alys Russell, Sir Harry Johnston of nearby Poling, and Cicely Corbett. Maud was on the platform at a BHWFS demonstration in November 1912 attended by representatives of the 49 branches of the Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire Federation, and from the National Union of Women Workers, the Trades Council, the Women’s Local Government Association, the Independent Labour Party, and the British Women’s Temperance Association. In 1912, she was among over 400 signatories of a letter to the Press, MPs, and the committee representing the West End businesses vandalised by militant suffragettes, deploring such lawless action, but urging the committee to pursue the redressing of the militants’ grievances rather than demand punitive legislation. Meanwhile, her husband joined GB Shaw, George Lansbury, Lord Lytton, Granville-Barker, Sir Arthur Pinero, Israel Zangwill, and other well-known men, in contributing to the Pall Mall Magazine their arguments in favour of women’s suffrage. On 19 July 1913 Maud led the Littlehampton contingent of Suffrage Pilgrims from Littlehampton Station to Rustington. Here they were joined by Sir Hubert Parry, before ‘entraining’ to Brighton where the Parrys were to head the procession of over 100 Pilgrims northwards on the Monday morning. In October 1913 Maud, Alys Russell and Florence de Fonblanque, participated in meetings held during a Suffrage march from Cosham to a Church Congress in Southampton. In November, these three women spoke at a meeting in Littlehampton chaired by Sir Harry Johnston. In February 1914 Maud was on the platform at a Lewes Women’s Suffrage Society meeting; in April she spoke at a BHWFS meeting; and in June she chaired a suffrage meeting hosted by Miss Holland at 1a Holland Walk, South Kensington. At the outbreak of War, the Parrys, helped by Alys Russell, held a meeting at Knightscroft to discuss how women could help the war effort. Towards the end of the War, Sir Hubert Parry’s setting of William Blake’s Jerusalem was to become the celebratory ‘voters’ hymn’. Sources: Common Cause, Bognor Regis Observer, Brighton Gazette, Littlehampton Gazette, Sussex Advertiser, Sussex Express, West Sussex Gazette. Contributed by Frances Stenlake, independent writer and researcher.</text>
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